明太祖的孔子崇拜

The Confucian Worship of Zhu Yuanzhang

朱鴻林(Hung-Lam Chu)

《中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊》 70本2分 (1999/06) Pp. 483-530

摘要

本文從制度面和思想面探討明太祖尊崇孔子的各種表現，爲明代禮制研究以及明太祖傳記研究提出新的專題論述。論文先釐清了歷來流傳誤會明太祖文字猜忌和嚴刑殘酷之事，以及考論了元朝尊孔的實際情況，作爲太祖尊孔情事的比較基礎。然後述析太祖一生在制足祭祀先師禮儀上和在禮待衍聖公及優待其他孔裔上的表現。最後述析太祖一朝朝臣有關孔廟祭祀的各種意見。結論指出，明太祖自渡江以後，真誠尊孔，與時俱增。太祖尊孔實出於其個人對孔子貢獻的認識和對孔子之教有益治國的深信，而他在祀孔禮儀上所表現的尊崇和誠敬程度，以及在對待衍聖公上所表現的優禮和真誠，都是度越前代的。這種表現，反映了他能行所信的特點，也反映了他的崇德報功思想和儒家價值觀。

關鍵字

明太祖 ； 孔子崇拜 ； 釋奠禮 ； 衍聖公 ； 元世祖

並列摘要

This paper studies the ritual and social expressions of the founding Ming emperor in the aspect of Confucian worship from the perspectives of institutional and intellectual history, and is intended to throw new lights both on the study of official religion in the Ming and on the life and thought of Zhu Yuanzhsng. The study begins with a background re-examination of the prevalent recognition of Zhu Yuanzhang as a suspicious and cruel ruler, and the condition of Confucian worship in the Mongol Yuan dynasty. It then reconstructs the history of Zhu's ritual institutions for Confucian worship and his receptions of the Yanshenggong, the hereditary ennobled heir to the house of Confucius. The opinions raised by court officials of the Hongwu period on ritual expressions in the Confucian temple are also discussed. It concludes that Zhu Yuanzhang was consistently serious and unmatched of the emperors to his time in the worship of Confucius, in terms of personal reverence, ceremonial loftiness, as well as sincerity and favor to the Yanshenggong. Such reflects his genuine belief in Confucianism as an ideology good to both state and society.

並列關鍵字

Zhu Yuanzhang Ming Taizu ； Confucian worship ； the shidian rites oblations to honor Confucius ； Yanshenggong ； Khubilai Khan Yuan Shizu