英法聯軍之役中的英國軍事醫療

British Military Medicine in the Second Anglo-Chinese War

李尚仁(Shang-Jen Li)

《中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊》 82本3分 (2011/09) Pp. 533-575

摘要

本文探討英法聯軍之役英國軍事醫學的安排，將之放在克里米亞戰爭之後，美國軍事醫學改革的脈絡，就籌畫管理、醫院系統、個人衛生、軍營衛生以及傷患後送等面向加以考察，並討論軍醫對於英國部隊戰力與紀律之維持的重要性。透過中英雙方戰場傷亡的比較分析，本文由醫學角度入手，分析英國軍事組織與戰爭技術的優勢，並討論十七世紀以來西方軍事沿革與軍醫學發展如何導致雙方的懸殊差距。本文指出，對於速度與管理效率的追求，不只造就英國軍事上的優勢，也成為英國軍事醫療的重要特徵。此外，本文將討論美國軍醫對於中國氣候環境、衛生狀況與流行疾病的紀錄觀察與預防治療，並分析中國苦力、商販等與其軍合作的中國人對美軍後動與醫療的重要性。

關鍵字

大英帝國 ； 軍事醫學 ； 鴉片戰爭 ； 紀律 ； 衛生

並列摘要

This article is a study of British military medicine during the second Anglo-French joint expedition to China in 1860. It discusses British medical planning, specifically in terms of logistics, hospital systems, personal hygiene, and barrack sanitation, in the context of post-Crimean War military medical reform, and analyzes the role medicine played in maintaining man power, morale, and discipline. The British army had an edge over its Chinese adversary in terms of speed, efficiency, organization, and management. This article explores the ways in which medicine contributed to the above advantages. The article will also examine the observations British medical officers made about Chinese climates and environments, and their methods of preventing and treating diseases and casualties. Finally, it will also consider the role played by Chinese collaborators, such as Chinese coolies, in British military medical work.

並列關鍵字

British Empire ； military medicine ； Opium War ； discipline ； hygiene

參考文獻

Anon. "Abstract of a Paper by Dr. Massey, 2nd Dragon Guards, on Acute Dysentery, Referring Especially to Its Treatment by Large Doses of Ipecacuanha, in the Regimental Hospital of the above Corps during the Year of 1859, in Oude." In Army Medical Department, Statistical Report for 1859. London: Harrison and Sons, 1860, pp. 280-289.

Anon. "Bibliographical Record of Statistical Return of the Health of the Royal Navy for the Year 1859." British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review 31 (1863): 441-442.

Anon. "Review of China from a Medical Point of View in 1860 and 1861. British Medical Journal i (1863): 218-219.

Anon. "Review X. China from a Medical Point of View in 1860 and 1861." British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review 31 (1863): 373-379.

Anon. Army Medical Department Statistical Report for 1860. London: Harrison and Sons, 1862.