旌表制度、傳記體例與女性史傳－論《清史稿•列女傳》賢母傳記之復興

The Official Reward System, Biographical Style and Women's Biography: Wise Mothers in the Qingshi gao

衣若蘭(Jo-Lan Yi)

《臺大歷史學報》 41期 (2008/06) Pp. 165-202

https://doi.org/10.6253/ntuhistory.2008.41.04

摘要

中國歷史上將女性別立於史冊〈列女傳〉中，已有長久的歷史，各篇〈列女傳〉在選材標準與書寫重點上，稍有差異。本文以《清史稿•列女傳》為例，旨在探討編纂女性史傳時採摭女德類型之傾向與史學、制度之間的關係。
本文共分為三部分。首先分析《清史稿•列女傳》的傳記類型，以做為討論傳中女德採摭的基礎，發現本傳除了以節烈為大宗之外，亦相當重視母親的角色。第二部分觀察歷朝正史〈列女傳〉母儀寫作之傳統，以做為瞭解《清史稿•列女傳》與歷代母親形象塑造重點之異同，並凸顯《清史稿•列女傳》重銜母儀書寫傳統之特色。最後由旌表制度細則與傳記體例的變化，來論《清史稿•列女傳》著重母儀的書寫脈絡與時代背景。總之，本文試圖藉由《清史稿•列女傳》之分析，由史學發展的縱軸與橫軸，探究《清史稿•列女傳》母儀書寫的意義，以瞭解女性史傳之產生與時代制度、史學書寫風氣之間的關連性。

關鍵字

列女傳 ； 清史稿 ； 賢母 ； 母儀 ； 旌表制度 ； 方志

並列摘要

Women have been included in Chinese standard histories for many centuries. Each of these histories had slightly different criteria for both the compilation and styles of writing women's biographies. This paper uses a case study of women's biographies in Qingshi gao (Qing Dynastic History Draft) to explore how the complex interrelationship between trends in categorizing female virtue, ideas of historiography and the nature of institutions shaped the writing of these biographies.
This paper is divided into three parts. Firstly, it analyzes the types of women's biographies in Qingshi gao, and finds a strong emphasis on both female chastity and also motherhood. Secondly, the paper traces the development of motherhood in women's biographies throughout the standard histories in order to establish the similarities and differences in women's biographies in Qingshi gao. Thirdly, it considers both the institutional and historiographical contexts in order to assess the role played by the official system of conferring honors upon individuals, and women's biographical accounts in local gazetteers in promoting accounts of wise motherhood.

並列關鍵字

Women's biography Lienü zhuan ； Qingshi gao Qing Dynastic History Draft ； wise mothers ； motherhood ； reward system jingbiao ； gazetteers

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