出山與入山：李白廬山詩的精神底蘊

李白一生五入廬山，從二十五歲「仗劍去國，辭親遠遊」開始，到晚年六十一歲還送妻子上廬山訪女道士，其中留下書寫廬山的詩作十四篇。廬山關係著李白出世／入世二元對照的精神世界，李白還曾指廬山許下永恆的山林盟約。更重要的是，李白在廬山山中作了一生最重大的決定了：在安史之亂中入永王幕一事，是他人生的一個重大轉捩點。基於以上種種原因，本文以十四首李白廬山詩作爲觀察的模組，用自然風光、文學傳統與宗教文化這三層次來探測李白名山詩的精神底蘊。全文分「李白廬山詩中的隐逸世界」與「李白在廬山的出山宣言」兩大部分，对照著出山與入山的二元世界，以看出李白的精神擺盪與徬徨。前一部分又分爲「書寫廬山：神仙洞府的想望」、「體證道禪：宗教經驗的追求」和「『書寫廬山』與『體證道禪』的辯證」三小目，分別從廬山詩探討李白在自然風光、文學傳統與宗教意識三者之間的精神樣態，以文本中所流現的比重，看出李白的廬山書寫大量以宗教的心靈意識爲主。第二部份則分「詩人李白的困頓」、「失望憂憤上廬山」與「實踐『安石』典範的出山宣言」三小目，主要討論李白入廬山的動機與政治失意有關，當李白在廬山上決定投永王幕，其用心也與實踐政治理想有關。廬山詩顯現李白從「入山避難」到「出山救世」的心境轉折。李白最終的理想是謝安式的「仕／隱」雙全，他希望能像范蠡、張良那樣，先成就一番功業，然後再去實踐肥遯飛昇的願望。廬山作爲一座千古名山，對後人產生關乎自然、文學傳統與宗教文化的三種牽引力量。李白誠然讚嘆廬山的自然山水，廬山詩中也偶現謝靈運的身影，但廬山吸引他的不是文學傳統的氛圍，而是由自然的想像中所升起的神仙想望與宗教意識，特別是道教的神仙想像。換句話說，李白以廬山爲伊利亞德所謂的「世界中心」之一，「山」即「李白」，二者是一體的。

關鍵字

李白詩；廬山；道教聖山；永王事件；仕隱雙全

並列摘要

In his life, Li Bai has been to Mt. Lu five times and composed 14 poems about it, which he once swore to revisit because of his reluctance to leave. The decision Li Bai made here-to stop being a recluse and to be an official in King Yong's government-marked a turning point in his life. This article scrutinizes Li Bai's appreciation to Mt. Lu's natural beauty, his transcendence over literary traditions of landscape poems, and his relation with Mt. Lu's religious culture. The first part “The celestial world in Li Bai's Mt. Lu poems” reveals that the 14 poems were written mainly with Li Bai's religious involvement. The second part ”Li Bai's decision to be an official” exposes Li Bai's ideal life is to become a recluse after having many great achievements. His decisions as to whether to enter or to leave Mt. Lu depended on whether his official career was smooth or not. Although Li Bai acclaims Mt. Lu's natural beauty, Mt. Lu's greatest charm to him lies in its similarity to Li Bai's imaginary paradise. The sanctified Mt. Lu is in fact his refuge from the frustrations in his political career.