《左傳》「仲尼曰」敘事芻論

Narration and "Zhongni Yue" (Confucius Said) in the Zuozhuan

李隆獻(Long-Shien Lee)

《臺大中文學報》 33期 (2010/12) Pp. 91-137

https://doi.org/10.6281/NTUCL.2010.33.03

摘要

本文由敘事學觀點切入，探討《左傳》徵引「仲尼曰」的現象及延伸的相關問題。首先，透過對《左傳》史事的舉證分析，說明《左傳》徵引「仲尼曰」乃與其敘事脈絡吻合，有佐證、輔助敘事之效，以此回應「仲尼曰乃後人增益」的質疑。其次，分析《左傳》敘事立場、觀點與「仲尼曰」言論的細部差異，論證《左氏》雖重視、運用「仲尼曰」的言論，但二者亦有立場不同、談論範圍不一、史事認知有異等情形，以此釐清「仲尼曰出自《左氏》撰造」的疑義。最後則就敘事效用、文獻性質等層面，省察《左傳》徵引「仲尼曰」的意義，指出《左氏》敘事立場與「仲尼曰」言論間的辨證關係，說明《左傳》之徵引「仲尼曰」，乃是有意識的運用，具有不拘限於「仲尼曰」立場的自由態度；此種現象，一方面呈顯「孔子」形象及其言論在先秦諸子中被廣泛運用的現象，另方面也可看出《左傳》敘述中隱含的主體性－即有以史爲鑑的敘事立場，復有博採廣記以成一家之言的著作企圖，呈現出經、史、子渾融一體的經世風貌。

關鍵字

左傳 ； 仲尼曰 ； 敘事 ； 徵引 ； 議論

並列摘要

This paper explores the narrative and commentarial function of ”Zhongni Yue” as it was incorporated into the text of the Zuozhuan. Such a focus is partly a different response to long traditional debates over whether Confucius's words were authentic or fabricated by either Zuozhuan's compiler or its later editors. On one hand, most of the quoted commentary by Confucius dovetails with the narrative, supplying an explanation or reinforcing a moral point. On the other hand, the respective viewpoints of the implied narrator and Confucius do not always coincide with each other. Their divergent attitudes toward the same personality or set of events present different-and at times contradictory-interpretations of past affairs. Zuozhuan's compiler may have capitalized on the authority of Confucius's reported opinions to strengthen his narrative; but we observe that the compiler was just as likely to import commentary that did not contribute toward-and may even take away-from the overall narrative effect. Granted that the quotation of Confucius's utterances was common practice among pre-Qin writers, it is nonetheless suggestive that Zuozhuan's own narrative and its ”Zhongni Yue” commentary fail to always correspond to each other in tone and content. This paper teases out the greater implications of the overlaps and discrepancies between the statements of Zuozhuan's narrator and ”Zhongni Yue” to illustrate the complex nature of the Zuozhuan as scripture, historiography, and intellectual/political philosophy all at once in the tradition of the pre-Qin ”masters.” In this respect, the Zuozhuan's multi-faceted character transmits and builds upon a range of ethical values inherited from a broad tradition of Confucius's alleged verbalizations.

並列關鍵字

Zuozhuan ； Zhongni Yuc ； Confucius ； Narration ； Quotation ； Commcntary