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《中庸》新編分章解義

A Textual Study of the Confucian Classic Zhongyong

摘要


我研究《中庸》的目的是要把這篇重要的儒家典籍讀通,而我認為要讀通它的唯一辦法是把它當作一篇文章來讀。這需要運用各種語文學知識,包括訓詁,語法,修辭,篇章分析等。《中庸》的意義復原有它的特殊性。這篇文章對閱讀者造成的困難主要是內部結構的問題,也就是它的語脈文勢。能夠把它當作一篇文章來讀,把它句句讀通,這就是最大的挑戰。《中庸》是一部儒家的辯證理論著作,強調的是對立觀念的發展和統一。它的文勢是辯證的,不是遵循著一條路線走,而是遠近相通,上下求索。《中庸》一書,簡單的說,是儒者辯證經驗的觀照和體悟。它從宇宙自然(包括生理)現象的中和講起,然後落到人事的中庸,又從日常的人文經驗進入超人文的祭祀鬼神世界(這也涵攝在儒家禮的綱統之中),然後從禮制進入經世。經歷了這些發展,才到達人類經驗的最高處─誠的境界。在這個道德世界裡,誠的概念和《中庸》一書所有「中」的辯證概念一樣,是兩面的:一方面它顯示天道的實體,另一方面它顯現心性的實體。而能同時立人極、達天德的就是聖人。聖人是天人兩面完美的統一。《中庸》還是一篇文辭優美、章法奇幻的文學傑作。它對聖人之道的頌讚,猶如一曲宗教聖樂,讀之如入聖境,令人祗回留之而不能去。《中庸》是晚出書,其成篇應在秦政時代。《中庸》以孔子思想為依歸,發揮孔子性與天道、孟子誠身之大義,繼往聖開來學,是曾子、子思、孟子以後儒學發展的一個輝煌成就,應無疑問。

關鍵字

中和 中庸 辯證

並列摘要


In this article I aftempt to make a philological investigation of the structure and meanings of the Confucian Classic Zhongyong, commonly but mistakenly translated as Doctrine of the mean, with an aim to show that this work, by all accounts the most abstruse among the early Confucian Classics, is actually a magnificent piece of philosophical essay on the dialectic of moral progression. It pays an impassionate tribute to the glory of the Way of the Sage (Shengren zhi dao), the ultimate attainment of a Confucian moral journey. Under my textual and exegetical treatment, Zhongyong turns out remarkably to be cohesive partwise and coherent over the whole text (with just minor readjustment of a few passages) as well as executed with great literary and rhetorical skills. I also discuss the problem of dating the work, concluding that it must have been completed during the Qin dynasty (BCE 221-206), thus manifesting a truly great achievement done by faithful followers of the Zisi-Mengzi School (Si Meng xuepai) of the period of the Warring States.

並列關鍵字

Zhonghe zhongyong dialectic cheng the sage

參考文獻


梅廣:〈釋「修辭立其誠」:原始儒家的天道觀與語言觀─兼論宋儒的章句學〉,《臺大文史哲學報》第 55 期(2001 年 11 月)。DOI:10.6258/bcla.2001.55.06 Mei, K. (2001). Shi “xiuci li qi cheng”: Yuanshi Rujia de tiandaoguan yu yuyanguan [Reading the sentence xiuci li qi cheng: An essay on the Way of Heaven and language in early Confucian moral theory, with critical comments on Song dynasty exegetic scholarship]. NTU Humanitas Taiwanica, 55, 1-26.
勞思光:《大學中庸譯註新編》,香港:中文大學出版社,2000年。DOI:10.978.962201/9034。Lao, S.-K. (2000). Daxue zhongyong yi zhu xinbian [A new edition of The great learning and The doctrine of the mean with translations and annotations]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
《詩經》,《十三經注疏》,臺北:藝文印書館,1997 年。
《禮記》,《十三經注疏》,臺北:藝文印書館,1997 年。
《國語》,臺北:里仁書局,1980 年。

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