甲骨文□（敢）字的句構分析與文例釋讀──兼談其字形演變序列

本文全面梳理甲骨卜辭「□」字文例，從語法結構入手，配合字體分類斷代與文例對比，詳細辨析其相關句例、動詞屬性，最終確立其屬及物行為動詞，非結果動詞。接著在動詞屬性歸類的基礎上，綜合評述學者論點，歸結出釋「敢」是目前主要說法，不過於字形與字義還有待討論。文中藉由字體分類統整卜辭字形，從時間序列中指出□字之「獵捕器具」部件由倒形演變成正形寫法後，始與「中、史」產生形體混同。「□」進入西周後，用法由田獵軍事動詞轉到情態詞，字義演變影響了構形的基礎，從倒寫的「豕」產生變異後，間接帶動了相關部件的訛變，所以當「□」被訛寫成「口」後，伴隨其他部件已經訛變，「□」也就失去還原的路線，逐漸走向符號化。確立字形為「敢」後，文中認同部分學者釋「奄（掩）」之說，不過其本義應屬罩捕義，屬田獵動詞。作為軍事動詞時，由於賓語差異，於是有「掩襲、掩捕」之引申義，文中根據音義，指出文獻「厭（壓）」（掩其不備義）亦屬其通假字。

關鍵字

甲骨； □ ；敢；壓；掩捕

並列摘要

This article thoroughly collates the textual examples of "□(gǎn)" in oracle bone inscriptions. It analyzes the structure of sentences, compares the categorization of different fonts in different generations, and exhaustively discriminates between the related sentences as well as their verbal properties. Finally, it confirms its function as a transitive verb, rather than a resultative verb, in terms of syntax. Then based on the classification of the verbal properties, this article presents a synthetic review of related scholarly arguments and concludes that "敢(gǎn)" is the most common interpretation of this character so far, although its form and meaning are still pending. Chronologically categorizing the character's different structures, this article points out that not until its component of "hunting gear" evolved from inverted to orthographic way of writing did it become formally interchangeable with "中(zhōng)" and "史(shĭ)." In the Western Zhou dynasty, the character "□" transformed from a hunting- or military-related verb to a modal. The evolution of its meaning affected its structure. The change of the inverted "豕(shĭ)" indirectly led to the errant variation of associated components. As "□" was errantly written as "口," the former has ergo lost its referential basis for restoration and undergone gradual symbolization due to the errant variation of other components. In addition to confirming "□" as "敢(gǎn)," this article echoes some scholars' interpretation of "奄(yǎn)," a hunting-related verb originally meant "capture." It also meant "surprising attack" or "surprising seizure" according to different objects when it was used as a military-related verb. Moreover, this article indicates that "厭(yā)" (i.e., attacking the enemy off guard) was an appropriated character in the literature by reference to its pronunciation.

並列關鍵字

oracle bone ； gǎn ； yā ； surprising seizure

參考文獻

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