大陸農村的基層民主與經濟發展的關係

The Relationship between Rural Economic Development and Rural Grassroots Democracy in Mainland China

徐斯儉(Szu-Chien Hsu)

《中國大陸研究》 42卷5期 (1999/05) Pp. 3-33

https://doi.org/10.30389/MCS.199905_42(5).0003

摘要

近年來，大陸從村所出現的基層民主─村民自治與選舉─已經引起世界廣泛的關注，雖然也存在著不少批評，但無論是學界、政界，或輿論界均認為大陸農村的基層民主象徵著大陸民主一個新的開端，是大陸政治秩序邁向合理化過程重要的一步。但是目前學界對於村自治的討論或研究，大多局限於純政治面的討論，較少探討村自治與農村經濟生活的關係。本文嘗試跳脫純粹政治制度面的分析，探討在目前大陸農村經濟發展環境下，村委會選舉與自治的制度運作和發展的；也就是說，農村中的經濟因素如合影響村委會選舉與自治。
在本文中，經濟的動機又透過兩方面，來體現其對農村基層民主的影響：一方面是經濟貧窮/富裕的程度；第二方面是農村中主要的經濟所有權形態。這兩種因素對大陸農村中的政制行動者參與農村基層民主，分別產生了不同的影響。本文接著介紹兩個分析概念，用以建構可資比較研究的類型。這兩個概念分別是：國家與農村社會間的「實體化中介層」，與農村社趨的「經濟集體性」。依此兩種類型，實際上便可以建構出不同的「所有制類型」以及「村選舉類型」。也就是說，本文主要的研究結果是一組選舉的概念類型，及其背後的政經因果邏輯。
本文的後半部則接著經濟因素對村委會所造成的影響，來探討如此響下的村委會選舉與自治，又如何回頭影響能形塑農村經濟社會發展的公共資源之分配，這包括了國家涉及資源及統治之正當性、對村以上公共資源分配之競爭性、對村內公共資源分配之影響。最後，總潔前面的討論，從經濟因素的影響以及村委會選舉自治這個制度本身的作用，提出若干「國家─社會」關係方面的理論初探性的討論。

關鍵字

大陸農村；基層民主；選舉；所有制；國家─社會

並列摘要

The grassroots democracy in rural China, that is, the village self-governance and village elections, has attracted both widespread attention as well as criticism from the world in recent years. Most agree, however, that the grassroots democracy in rural China has symbolized an important beginning for China’s democracy and is an important step in the rationalization of China’s political order. However, the current discussion of the grassroots democracy in rural China mainly focuses on political aspects. There has not been much effort dedicated to probing the relationship between China’s grassroots democracy and rural economic development. This paper tries to bring this understudied relationship into analytical focus. It aims at analyzing how grassroots democracy in rural China develops under the impact of rural economic development.
In this paper, two economic factors in rural China are introduced as the economic motivations of the political actors in the grassroots democracy in rural China. The first is the “degree of economic development”(poor vs. rich) of a village, and the second is the dominant “forms of economic ownership” in a village. The paper then introduces an addition two concepts to construct a typology for the village election. These two concepts are “the mediating village power bloc” and the “collectivity of village economy”. These two concepts are the elements used to construct typologies for “ownership” and, especially, for “village elections.” The six types that we derive from these two constructing concepts are the main analytical result of this paper. This typology provides a framework to analyze the future dynamics between economic factors and political results in China’s rural grassroots democracy.
The second half of this paper reverses the causal relation of the analysis. It treats the grassroots democracy in rural China as the cause, and then analyzes the resulting economic effects, such as the distribution of economic public goods in the rural community. In the conclusion, the paper brings the village elections back to a broader context of discussion, that is, the “state-society relationship,” and discusses several theoretical implications of the grassroots democracy of rural China.

並列關鍵字

rural China ； grassroots democracy ； election ； ownership ； state-society relations

參考文獻

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