評中國大陸“立法法”－中央立法部分

「立法法」是大陸建政以來首部關於國家立法制度的法律，旨在解決立法失控、無序現象，的確解決長期以來大部分立法方面的問題，卻仍留下若干問題，這包括中央「法律」類別界定不清，「立法法」雖然具體列舉中央「法律」制定事項，卻不區別「基本法律」和「普通法律」範疇。在行政法規制定程序上也不符合民主公開要求，行政部門往往藉立法爭權奪利，「立法法」雖然要求起草行政法規時要廣泛聽取有關機關、組織和公民的意見，卻不將草案公告周知，也不需要如「法律」案經過三次審議，只需依照組織法有關規定辦理，突顯追求行政效率的特性。至於中央「法律解釋」的權責也不明確，「立法法」雖然重申全國人大常委會在整個法律解釋體系中居於主導地位，也活絡提案管道，卻未能讓人民參與，堵塞人民參政議政的管道。

關鍵字

立法；法律；行政法規；法律解釋

並列摘要

The Legislative Law is the People's Republic of China's (PRC's) first law regarding legislation, having the chief objective of correcting overlapping and contradictory laws and the overstepping of legislative authority. The law should be able to solve many long-standing legislative problems, although shortcomings in the law do exist. Despite concrete stipulations on the adoption of central-level laws, the law does not clearly distinguish the scope of ”basic laws” from that of ”general laws.” The legislative procedures for administrative laws and regulations do not conform with the principles of democracy and openness, enabling administrative departments to make use of the legislative process to scramble for power and money. Although the drafting of administrative laws and regulations requires extensive solicitation of the opinions of relevant departments, organizations and citizens, draft administrative laws and regulations have not been made public. For the sake of administrative efficiency, administrative laws and regulations are instituted according to relevant stipulations of organization laws, and their adoption is not subject to three review processes as required for ”law” cases. Moreover, law–interpretation authorities and responsibilities are not clearly defined. Although the leading position of the National People's Congress (NPC) Standing Committee in the entire law-interpretation system is reconfirmed and more motion-proposing channels are established the possibility of participation by the people is completely ruled out. The people are actually blocked from participation in politics.