The "Justification" of the Spanish Intrusion in Taiwan in 1626

1626年西班牙入侵台灣的「正當化」

鮑曉鷗(José Eugenio Borao)

《臺大文史哲學報》 60期 (2004/05) Pp. 339-372

https://doi.org/10.6258/bcla.2004.60.10

摘要

在所謂「恢復失地」（Reconquista）時期（711－1492），伊比利半島上的基督教王國和回教王國爭戰有八百年之久，因此產生了一個習於戰鬥的社會，隨後轉而征服美洲。當傳教士報導了西班牙征服者和殖民者對於印第安人的第一批暴行，西班牙王室開始考慮應否繼續支持殖民的活動，特別是有否法律根據足以將其正當化。當時的學者很快體認到，征服美洲截然不同於先前的「恢復失地」。回教徒被認為是反基督教的，更是入侵者。相反的，美洲印第安人只能算為是異教徒，卻是他們自己王國的真正統治者。於是在〸六世紀的西班牙大學，如Salamanca，興起了一場相關問題的複雜辯論。這場辯論最主要的成果是，精心地建構出一種不同於羅馬法的近代國際關係學說。學者之中，以多明我會士Francisco de Vitoria所提出的理論最具影響力。他強調說，征服美洲印第安人且使他們改變信仰，只有當土著在自由的情況下，接受西班牙的統治，並皈依基督教，才算是合法。本文藉由台灣的個案研究，試圖分析當菲律賓的西班牙人計畫征服新領土時，當時有關殖民的理論扮演什麼角色。首先我們將審視〸六世紀末征服福爾摩沙島的計畫，然後集中探討1626年實際的佔領行動。有一些研究宣稱碩學之士Vitoria為此歷史過程提供主要的歷史基礎，但我們認為，Vitoria理論和實際軍事考量的結合才是當時殖民「正當化」的概念模式。

關鍵字

國際法 ； 台灣史 ； 西班牙人在台灣

並列摘要

The Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula were fighting the Muslim kingdoms in that region for eight centuries during the period known as the Reconquista (711-1492). This created a society accustomed to fighting, whose energies were then directed to the conquest of America. Once the first atrocities of the conquistadores and colonizers against the Indians were reported by some missionaries, the Spanish Crown started to consider if this historical process could be continued or not, and if there were any legal bases that might justify it. Very soon the scholars of that time realized that the reason for the Reconquista (the recovery of their land from the Moors) was different from that of the Conquest of America. Muslims were considered as antichristian and intruders. On the contrary, the Amerindians could only be considered as pagans and the real rulers of their kingdoms. A complex debate arose in Spanish universities such as Salamanca on this question in the 16^(th) century. The main fruit of all this discussion was the elaboration of a modern doctrine for international relations, different from that of Roman Law. The scholar whose theories were most influential was the Dominican Francisco de Vitoria. For him the conquest and conversion of the Amerindians could only be legitimate if the natives freely accepted the sovereignty of Spain and adhered to the Christian faith. The present paper seeks to analyze, through the case study of Taiwan, to what extent the Spaniards in the Philippines were bound by the theories of that time when they were planning the conquest of a new territory. First we will review the projects of conquest of Isla Hermosa at the end of the 16^(th) century, and later we will focus our study on some of the reasons used to justify the actual occupation, that took place in 1626. Some claimed to be based on the theories of Master Vitoria, but, in our opinion, a combination of both Vitoria theories and practical military approaches were behind the whole rationale.

並列關鍵字

Francisco de Vitoria ； International Law ； Taiwan History ； Spaniards in Taiwan

參考文獻

Agoncillo, Teodoro(1975).A short history of the Philippines.

鮑曉鷗 José Eugenio, José Eugenio(2001).Spaniards in Taiwan (Vol. 2): 1542-1682.

鮑曉鷗 José Eugenio, José Eugenio(2002).Spaniards in Taiwan (Vol. 2): 1542-1682.