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不同農耕法及輪作系統之比較研究
Establishment of Crop Rotation System for Organic Farming
摘要
為建立高屏地區可使農民實際應用於作物有機栽培之輪作模式及改進77～83年有機農業可行性研究試驗中，部分輪作作物如甜玉米、蘿蔔等，在有機農法管理下病蟲危害程度較嚴重，生育不佳，經檢討後，自83年夏作起調整兩輪作系統內之作物，即第一輪作系統（R1）採改良型，依有機農法之精神及適時、適地、適作原則選擇適合之輪作作物，第二輪作系統（R2）則採用高屏地區農民慣行輪作制度，水稻─水稻─豆類或蔬菜，配合綠肥，以比較兩輪作系統在有機、折衷及慣行等三種農法管理下之效益。試驗結果，調整後的第一輪作體系，有機區的產量大部分超越慣行區，表現確實比第二輪作體系為佳。在病蟲害危害程度方面，第一輪作體系之秋作甘藍調整為嫩莖萵苣，春作甜玉米調整為白玉米後，病蟲害管理已獲得很好的控制。調整後的第二輪作體系以水稻為主作物，春作與夏作均種植水稻（兩年夏作中一次種植田菁），比較春夏作水稻產量結果，發現夏作水稻的有機區比慣行區增產幅度較春作水稻為高，表示夏作水稻比春作水稻更適合於有機栽培。雜草控制方面，以水田雜草最少，水稻後作旱田作物亦有降低雜草發生效用。因此為利於雜草控制，在輪作體系中應將水稻涵蓋在內。高雄場旗南分場經11年的長期試驗結果認為，配合慣行農法與有機農法之折衷式農法較具發展潛力。惟若能針對有機農法的困難，如有機肥料價格太貴，病蟲害及雜草防治等問題，逐步加以改善，相信有機農法還是具有相當大的發展空間。
並列摘要
In order to slow down the impacts of agricultural production on environment and to produce good quality of foods, the organic farming has become a topic of great concern among the farmers and the consumers in Taiwan. At present, the main problems for organic farming including higher price of organic fertilizers, hard to control of the diseases, insect pests and weeds. Thus organic farming is facing difficulties such as low yielding capacity, poor appearance of the organic produces and higher production cost. After a long term of experiments, the results indicated that the intermediate farming, of which both of the chemical and organic materials were applied, may be more feasible than the others. However, if we can solve the problems of organic farming gradually, it is believed that there is still some rooms for organic farming to be developed. In this paper, we will discuss some techniques relating to cropping systems which can be applied in organic farming.In the first six years of the experiment, several popular crops in Chinan area were chosen for experimental materials, some of them were infected by diseases and insects severely, such as sweet corn and radish. After a series of discussion, the crop patterns were adjusted in 1994. After 1994, the crops planted in cropping system Ⅰ must be adapted to the local environment, while for the cropping system Ⅱ, a crop pattern similar to the local farmers were planted for comparison. The experimental results showed that the crop yields obtained from the treatment of organic farming were mostly higher than that of conventional farming, indicating that the performance of the cropping systemⅠafter adjustment, was better than that of the cropping system Ⅱ. In addition, since the cabbage and sweet corn were substituted by lettuce and corn in cropping system Ⅰ, the damages from diseases and insects were under control. For cropping system Ⅱ, rice was the main crop in this cropping pattern, it was planted both for spring and summer seasons. It was found that yield increase for the summer rice, based on the yield of organic farming over conventional farming, was higher than the spring rice. It revealed that summer season looks like a more suitable season for organic rice production. Besides, the paddy field was found to be the best way for weed control. It is also found that the upland crop after rice is tend to have smaller weed population than others. Thus, it is important to have rice within the cropping system.It is generally understood that monoculture may reduce the yield and quality of agricultural produces, especially the Solanum crops. For maintaining and enhancing soil fertility, it used to apply cropping system. The function of cropping system based on cropping sequences and the management of soil and fertilizer, including the nutrient uptake, root excretion and the residue of the previous crop. Studying the effect of previous crop on the yield of celery indicated that the total amount of nutrient uptake of the previous crop did affect the yield of celery. For example, lettuce, vegetable soybean and green onion had lower total amount of nutrient uptake, their following crops obtained relatively higher yield. For green manure (Sesbanin roxburgii), however, its total amount of nutrient uptake was higher than that of celery, the yield of the following crop was still higher than others. It probably means that the return of the whole plant of the green manure to the soil may help the soil to reestablish its soil fertility. Therefore, for planning the cropping systems, in addition to the market demand, the total amount of nutrient uptake, residual parts of the previous crop, damages of diseases and insect pesrs, weed control etc. should be considered. In fact, the organic farming is more difficult than conventional farming at this stage, a detail planning is necessary for a successful organic farming.