不同有機肥料及施用量對土壤性質及小白菜與蕹菜生育的影響

The Effects of Different Organic Fertilizers' Application Rates on the Soil Quality and the Production of Pak-Choi and Water Convolvulus

蔡淑玫(Shu-Mei Tsai)

指導教授 ： 王鐘和

國立屏東科技大學/農學院/農園生產系所/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST.2008.00016

摘要

本研究目的在探討不同有機肥料(植物質有機肥料 (POF)、豬糞堆肥(SMC)、雞糞堆肥(PMC) 和牛糞堆肥(CMC))施用量對土壤性質、蕹菜與小白菜生育、植體中養分吸收之影響。以提供為有機葉菜栽培上合理施肥與土壤管理之參考。
有機肥料施用量以一般田間耕作化學肥料(CF)氮推薦量之2倍、4倍量添加，另以全施化學肥料處理為對照一，不施肥處理為對照二；共十處理、四重複，採逢機完全區集排列。
第一作蕹菜、小白菜，8kg土壤與相當於0.858克氮/盆之2倍、4倍的有機質肥料充分混合後裝入圆盆中；第二作沿用第一作小白菜收穫後的土壤，不再添加有機質肥料，藉以測定有機質肥料殘效性，但化學肥料處理則添加與第一作相同量的複合肥料。作物於具商品價值時採收，經 70 ℃ 烘乾後磨粉進行植體元素（全氮、磷、鉀、鈣及鎂濃度等）分析。另分析第一作蕹菜收穫期、第二作白菜收穫期所採集土壤之pH、EC、有機質、無機態氮、Olsen磷、交換性鉀、鈣及鎂含量等值。
結果顯示，添加有機質肥料，使土壤pH值和電導度值皆提升，以PMC 4R處理對pH值的提升效應最為顯著；POF 4R處理的電導度值最高，第二作小白菜收穫後之土壤EC 值均下降，CF 1R降幅最大。
不同施肥處理對蕹菜和小白菜之產量、植體濃度、吸收量、吸收效率及氮的利用效率依肥料性質各有異同，吸收量與產量均呈顯著的正相關。產量蕹菜堆肥4倍處理高於2倍處理，PMC 4R、CMC 4R處理的相對產量則高於CF 1R處理；第一作小白菜堆肥處理除SMC 2R處理外，相對產量皆高於CF 1R處理，且除SMC處理外，有機質肥料2倍推薦量之產量皆高於4倍。在相同的生育期間蕹菜的產量、需肥量高於小白菜，PMC 4R處理蕹菜與小白菜產量皆優於CF 1R處理者。資料顯示第一作小白菜2倍化肥氮推薦量之有機肥處理的產量可高於化肥處理，蕹菜則需4倍才能達到。
第二作小白菜之有機質肥料殘效表現，POF處理的產量、養分吸收量及吸收效率皆顯著高於堆肥處理。土壤無機態氮和硝酸態氮濃度，均以POF 4R處理最高，兩作小白菜後均顯著高於其它施肥處理；土壤有效磷和交換性鉀及鎂含量PMC 4R處理均顯著高於其它處理，有機質肥料的施用能顯著增加土壤有效磷之含量。
實施有機葉菜栽培施用含氮高量之易分解型有機質肥料以相當化肥氮推薦量即能充分供應小白菜生長，有機質肥料氮的礦化速率影響產量。小白菜第二作產量與第一作採後土壤EC值呈顯著正相關，蔬菜園種植前檢測土壤EC值可診斷土壤肥力，做為合理化施肥之依據。

關鍵字

有機肥料 ； 堆肥 ； 小白菜 ； 蕹菜

並列摘要

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects on soil quality and the production of both Water Convolvulus and Pak-Choi based on the different application rates of various organic fertilizers.
In this experiment four different organic fertilizers. plant material base organic fertilizer (POF), swine manure compost (SMC), poultry manure compost (PMC) and cow manure compost (CMC), were applied to the soil where Water Convolvulus and Pak-Choi were cultivated. The residual effects of these fertilizers to soil properties, the effects on the production of these two vegetables, and the nutrient absorption of the plants were investigated.
The organic fertilizers were applied at the 2 and 4 times rates of the recommended conventional nitrogen application. Furthermore, two kinds of check were set: one full rate of chemical fertilizer (CF) and one no fertilizer treatment (CK). Totally ten treatments were included in this study and each with four replications. The field layout followed a randomized complete block design.
For the first crop of Water Convolvulus and Pak-Choi, eight kilograms of soil is mixed with organic fertilizer each is equivalent to 2 and 4 times rate of 0.8589g N per pot. For the second crop, the same soil without applying organic fertilizer was used to study the residual effects. However, chemical compound fertilizer was applied the same rate as the first crop. The vegetables were sampled when they reached marketable size. Plants were analyzed, after being dried by 70 ℃ and ground, for the concentrations of elements such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium. In addition, the soil was analyzed after the first harvest of Water Convolvulus and the second harvest of Pak-Choi. The analyzed items included pH, EC, the organic contents, inorganic nitrogen, Olsen phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
The results indicated that the addition of organic fertilizer soils increased pH value and electric conductivity (EC) of the soils. There were significantly different among the two rates of four organic fertilizers.
There were significant differences on the production of the leafy vegetables for various fertilizer treatments in the two crops. The production of Water Convolvulus for PMC 4R and CMC 4R treatments were higher than chemical fertilizer. The production of plants for 4 R treatments was higher than that of 2 R treatments in manure compost.
In the first crop of Pak-Choi : the relative production for organic fertilizer were higher than the chemical treatment except for POF and SMC 2R treatments. And, the production for two times organic fertilizer treatments were higher than four times treatments.
Water Convolvulus had higher production than Pak-Choi at same growth period. The nutrients needs were different between Water Convolvulus and Pak-Choi, the former higher than the latter. The yields of Water Convolvulus and Pak-Choi for PMC 4R were all higher than that of CF.
The production of Pak-Choi in the second crop was the residual effect of the first one. The production of POF was significantly higher than other treatments.
The production of the two vegetables were low because of the lower rate of mineralization of nitrogen for SMC 2R. For the second crop, the production of Pak-Choi with two times of recommended nitrogen fertilizer were higher than that of chemical fertilizer treatment, yet no significant difference to four-times treatment. The pH and EC of soil increased after adding fertilizer. The most significant effect in promoting pH of soil, and EC was PMC 4R treatment. However, the soil EC dropped after second harvest of Pak-Choi, especially for the chemical fertilizer treatment. Water Convolvulus had higher adaptability on the soil pH than Pak-Choi. The POF 4R treatment had the highest inorganic N and nitrate nitrogen contents. Olsen phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and magnesium contents of soil for PMC 4R were significantly higher than other treatments. The application of the organic fertilizer significantly increased phosphorus content of soil. Nutrient absorption of plants significantly reflected on the production of plants. Positive correlations between the production and the absorptions of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were observed. The correlations were more significant in the second harvest. The best absorption efficiency of fertilizers in first crop was as follows: nitrogen for CF, potassium for SMC 2R, calcium for CMC 2R, phosphorus for CMC 4R and 2R in convolvulus and Pak-Choi respectively. As for the second crop, nitrogen and potassium for CF, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium for POF 2R had the significantly higher absorption.
Better production of Pak-Choi was observed by applying 300kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer. The residual effect of organic fertilizer applications showed higher nitrogen content and faster decomposition of minerals. The organic fertilizers should be applied two weeks before planting to avoid deleterious effect. It is enough to grow Pak-Choi by applying organic fertilizer with high-content nitrogen and be easily be decomposed when equivalent to recommend rate of chemical fertilizer. Positive correlation was observed between soil EC after the first crop harvested and the production of the second crop Pak-Choi. Checking soil EC before planting can serve as a guide of diagnose of soil fertility for rational fertilization.

並列關鍵字

organic fertilizer ； compost ； Pak-Choi ； Water Convolvulus

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