＂仁學＂的中教育哲學思想

Educational Theory in The Philosophy of Jen

陳福濱(Full-Being Chen)

《哲學與文化》 25卷11期 (1998/11) Pp. 1008-1017

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.199811.1008

摘要

敎育是人類文明社會中不可或缺的一項社會活動與社會制度；因此，人類對敎育所累積的經驗，也是極為龐雜而豐盛的。本文將就譚嗣同的《仁學》思想，探究幾個敎育哲學中根本的問題：一、人性問題：人性問題與敎育有著密切的關係，梁啓超言：「我國哲學史上發生最早而爭辯最烈的，就是人性問題；這個問題是一切敎育，一切政治之總出發點。」譚嗣同「以太即性」的人性論，主張性善情亦善，此一敎化動機，乃欲使人以共同之善性、善情，求人我彼此間相互親愛，實踐聖人之道。二、知識問題：敎育自來就被當作傳授知識的方式，它牽涉到知識的組織與傳衍。在知識論上，譚嗣同一方面承認感覺是認識的出發點，但當他進一步探討人之主觀認識能否反映客觀外物時，他便懷疑人的感官認知能力而轉入佛教「頓悟」的神祕之知；而此「學貴心悟」的重「悟」，在敎育方法上指的是什麼呢？三、倫理道德：譚嗣同以人人平等的觀點，衝決網羅的精神，批判綱常名敎，以「仁以通為第一義」，提倡男女平等，反對歧視婦女，批判不自主的婚姻，建立朋友之倫的新社會倫理觀等；其中所含涉的家庭敎育、人格敎育，同儕團體的互動等敎育之施敎原則，甚値省思。四、文化思想：在十九世紀的中國，不僅受西方的衝擊，同時也受到傳統的衝擊，譚嗣同身處此一劇變的時代，對「精神文化」與「物質文明」有著什麼樣的認知？而在力圖實現中國傳統文化的轉化與中西文化的綜合，以達到重建中華文化的目的，正是他所努力的理想目標。

關鍵字

人性 ； 文化 ； 以太 ； 道德 ； 濡化

並列摘要

Education is an indispensable activity of any society and educational organizations play an important role in social systems, and experience culmulated in this field is both rich and complex. This paper intends to investigate several salient problems discussed in Tan Che Tong's Jen Philosophy.
1) Human nature; the problem of human nature is closely related to education. As Liang Clii Chao put it:”The earliest and most controversial problem arising in the history of Chinese thought was the question of human nature, and it served as the starting point for reflection on education and politics. According to Tan Che Tong's theory of ”Ether is nature,” both nature and affection are good. This goodmess is a common basis for mutual love that is conducible to the realization of the way of the saint.
2) Epistemology; education is a means of conveying knowledge and for Tan Che Tong, it begins with sense experience. But when he plunged deeper into the problem, he doubted the ability of sense powers to mirror the real. He suggests ”insight” into the mystical realm as as a way to gain real knowledge. But what is the role of ”insight” in education is still problematic.
3) Morality; from Tan Che Tong's critque on well-known philosophical systems, showed that he considered all human beings to be equal, because ”the most important meaning of Jen is communion.” He was against sex discrimination, marriage without free consent and maintained that friendship to be a moral value for a new society. What he said about family education, character formation, the interaction between peer groups and individuals are valuable principles well worth reflecting on.
4) Tan Che Tong found himself in the dramatic period of conflicts between traditional and western culture, a situation that China faced at the end of the 19th century. What did he think about the ”spiritual culture” and the ”materialistic civilization”? The answer is shown in his effort to renew Chinese culture by synthesizing it with that of the West and this was the goal he aimed at.

並列關鍵字

Human Nature ； Culture ； Ethics ； Morality ； Formation