馬克思晚年對自由的析評

Marx's Conception of Freedom in his Late Years

洪鎌德

《哲學與文化》 26卷3期 (1999/03) Pp. 221-236

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.199903.0221

摘要

馬克思一生的奮鬥在貫徹其人的解放之理念，俾達到人的自由之目的。有異於他青年時代以哲學人類學闡述人的自由，也有異於他中年時期藉資本主義的剖析及資產階級政治經濟學的批判，馬克思在其晚年以描繪未來的共產主義社會，來申張他的解放觀與自由觀。在該烏托邦的社會中，人類將回復到太初似的和諧團結，人類由分化而重歸團結，由分裂與原子化回復社群本質，亦即他所期待的參與式民主之實現。本文討論他對一八七一年春巴黎公社的看法，他何以把巴黎公社當成共產主義落實的因由，以及他對共產主義社會特徵的描述。此外，也討論馬克思與淙爾幹、齊默爾、以及韋伯三位古典社會學家自由觀的比較”最後，點出馬克思自由觀的浪漫情懷與烏托邦的色彩，作為全文的結論。

關鍵字

哲學人類學 ； 解放與自由 ； 社群 ； 巴黎公社 ； 社會主義與共產主義 ； 分工 ； 貨幣 ； 理性 ； 國家的消亡

並列摘要

Throughout his life, Marx sought after the realization of his ideal of human emancipation and freedom. Unlike his philosophical speculation on freedom in his youth and quite different from his scientific studies of capitalism and critique of the bourgeois political economy while in his mature years, Marx late in his life envisions the possibility of human liberation and freedom only within the context of communist society, in which the atomized and fragmented individuals would become more united and lead a peaceful and harmonious communal life. This article explores his concept of communism and its relationship with the Paris commune of 1871. It deals with Marx’s view of the basic features of a utopian society. The article discusses then the differences of ideas about freedom on the part of Durkheim, Simmel, and Weber and compares them with that of the elderly Marx. Finally, the article points out that the elderly Marx’s idea of human liberation and future is strongly tinged with the European romanticism of the 18th and 19th centuries and his thought can be evaluated more as utopian than scientific.

並列關鍵字

Philosophical Anthropology ； Emancipation and Freedom ； Community ； The Paris Commune of 1871 ； Socialism and Communism ； Division of Labor ； Money as Exchange Medium ； Rationality ； The Withering-Away of the State