論董仲舒的天道思想與天人關係

On Dong Zhong-shu's Thoughts about the Heavenly Way and the Relationship between the Heaven and People

陳福濱(Fu-Bing Chen)

《哲學與文化》 34卷10期 (2007/10) Pp. 115-133

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200710.0115

摘要

「天道觀」是指天地萬物的形成、運行以及其相互關係所持的根本觀點，漢代由於天人之學的發展，使得天道論成為漢代哲學的重要課題。董仲舒一方面承繼了《呂氏春秋•十二紀》以四時為中心，把陰陽、五行、四時配合成一完整的有機體系：同時，另一方面也將其構築成一更緊密的系統。其天道觀即由其所官之氣化宇宙運行觀中透露，他以當時流行的陰陽五行學說，作為基本的架構，建立一個以「天」為中心，以「天人感應」為其特色的天人關係論；然後根據這套理論，對先秦儒家的人性、倫理、政治等問題，重新加以詮釋，並賦予新義。本文將從：一天的涵義與天道；二、元與元氣；三、天道與陰陽；四、氣與五行；五、天人感應等五個面向作一探究，以期使對董仲舒的天道思想與天人關係有著深化的哲學反思。

關鍵字

董仲舒 ； 春秋繁露 ； 元 ； 元氣 ； 陰陽 ； 五行 ； 天人感應

並列摘要

The ”view of the heavenly way” is the fundamental view about the formation and operations of the universe and the myriad things along with how the universe and things interact with each other. Thanks to the development of the philosophy of the heaven and people, the doctrine of the heavenly way became an important philosophical topic in the Han Dynasty. On the one hand, Dong Zhong-shu acceded to the organic system elaborated in the twelfth section of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals; on the other hand, he refined the system in a more rigid way. The basic framework of Dong's view of the heavenly way is his doctrine about yin, yang and the five elements, constructing a doctrine about the relationships between the heaven and people that is centered on the ”heaven” and characterized by the ”interaction between the heaven and people.” Based on this doctrine, he interpreted in a brand new way the issues about human nature, ethics and politics of the Pre-qin Confucianism. This paper is to explore the five aspects of his doctrine: first, the meaning of the heaven and the heavenly way; second, yuan and yuan qi (fundamental breath); fourth, qi (breath) and the five elements; and fifth, the interaction between the heaven and people.

並列關鍵字

Dong Zhong-shu ； Rich Dew of Spring and Autumn ； Yuan ； Yuan Qi ； Yin and Yang ； Five Elements ； Interaction Between The Heaven and People