論清代臺灣書院學規的精神及其對現代教育的啓示

On the Rules for Studying in Taiwan's Academies and the Self-examination of Modern Education

劉振維(Cheng-Wei Liu)

《哲學與文化》 35卷9期 (2008/09) Pp. 107-127

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200809.0107

摘要

清代臺灣的典型書院，始創建於康熙四十三年(1704)的臺南崇文書院，至光緒二十一年(1895)乙未變局止，時序將近200年。臺灣書院的教育，除正向面對進取科舉金榜外，更繼承了自朱熹(1130-1200)以降理學式的儒學精神。臺島士子或無特殊的理論創建，但卻能安身於地方，戮力於穩定移民社會，並以身作則涵化鄉里，使之成為文風日盛的「海濱鄒魯」。對此，除甚多地方官員無私的奉獻之外，臺灣各地書院的教化更具實功；而此精神依據，即在於書院的學規。臺灣書院可考之學規有五，一是分巡臺灣兵備道劉良璧於乾隆六年(1741)所立的〈海東書院學規〉六條，二是臺灣道兼提督學政覺羅四明於乾隆二十七年(1762)〈勘定海東書院學規〉八條，三是澎湖廳通判吳建偉於乾隆三十二年(1767)制訂的〈文石書院學約十條〉，四是彰化知縣楊桂森於嘉慶十六年(1811)頒部的〈白沙書院學規〉九條，五是同治八年(1868)文石書院山長林豪(1831-1918)〈續擬學約八條〉。具體呈顯了有清臺灣儒學精神的所在。書院中，傳統教育師生的朝夕相處，敬德修業，以及對教育目標的精確，皆可作為現代教育的一個對照；因為無論時代如何變遷，教育「人」此一主體的精神當不可拋卻，臺灣書院學規的經驗正啟迪我們，面對激烈競爭不可忘卻為人的第一要務。本文區分三部分論述，一論臺灣書院理學式的儒學精神與學規意義，二分析臺灣書院學規的要求與特色，三闡述臺灣書院學規對現代教育的一些啟示。最後作一結論。

關鍵字

清代 ； 臺灣書院 ； 學規 ； 儒學精神 ； 教育

並列摘要

The academy (Chong Wen書院) is typical for Taiwan during the Ching Dynasty. It was founded in the 43(superscript rd) year of the reign of emperor Kangxi康熙(1704) and existed until 1896. These academies, besides preparing for the imperial examinations, put even more emphasis on continuing of the Neo-Confucian tradition in the spirit of Zhu Xi (1130-1200). Although Taiwanese scholars did not excel in developing new ideas, their practice brought themselves and the society they lived in spiritually and culturally richer lives. This sort of spiritual life and social engagement can still be witnessed through the academy rules. There are exist five documents that attest this spirit: six rules can be found in the Hai-Dong海東academy dated 1741, further eight rules are attested in the same academy 1762, another ten rules are transmitted in the Wen-Shi文石academy in1767, nine rules are found in the Bai-Sha白沙academy from 1811, the latest example dates from 1868 originating from the Wen-Shi academy again. In these ”rules for studying” the importance of relationship between teachers and students is stressed. Thus education also comprises moral example and moral teaching. Since education always has to do with human beings this kind of educational ideal still is valid in today's competitive environment. The paper consists of three parts: In the first part the meaning of the Confucian academies in Taiwan and their rules for studying are discussed. In the second part these rules are analyzed. The third part compares the rules of these academies with today's education.

並列關鍵字

Ching Dynasty ； Taiwan's Academies Chong Wen ； Rules for Studying ； Confucian Tradition ； Education

參考文獻

北齊劉晝著、江建俊校注(2001)。新編劉子新論。臺北:臺灣古籍出版社。

唐孔穎達。十三經注疏：周易正義。臺北:藍燈文化事業公司。

唐孔穎達。十三經注疏：尚書正義。

唐孔穎達。十三經注疏：禮記正義。

唐韓愈(1967)。韓昌黎全集。臺北:新興書局。