“經驗”概念的哲學重建－以杜威《經驗與自然》一書為中心

The Philosophical Reconstruction of the Concept of "Experience"-On Dewey's Experience and Nature

余治平(Zhi-Ping Yu)

《哲學與文化》 37卷2期 (2010/02) Pp. 69-84

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.201002.0069

摘要

杜威的經驗觀被稱為一次哲學的革命。杜威將經驗本體論化，經驗成為他的實用主義哲學的唯一物件和唯一內容。經驗是一個龐雜繁複的概念，它既是感性知覺中的某種定在，又是主體自身的心理情緒和意志欲望，還是活動著的主體自身。經驗和歷史、生活、文化具有同樣的意義。經驗與物質、自然、有機體的統一構成了杜威改造經驗概念的一大特點。經驗有深度而並不膚淺，它可以直指事物的最內在本質，這樣既克服了傳統經驗論的妄自菲薄，又突破了傳統唯理論的輕狂。杜威強調經驗與自然的連續性、把自然與事物包容在經驗之下，為他注重效用的相對主義真理觀埋下了伏筆。有機體總與環境發生各種各樣的聯繫，並處於相互作用之中。於是，主體與物件、有機體和環境、經驗和自然構成了一個不可分割的總體。杜威對經驗概念的改造呈現出反對現代哲學二元、對立而主張融合、有機、內在關係的非現代氣質，而將物件、過程、生活、歷史的內容注入經驗概念是對知識與現實兩相分離的現代認識論架構的突破和超越。

關鍵字

杜威 ； 經驗 ； 自然 ； 現代哲學

並列摘要

Dewey's concept of experience is hailed as the first revolution of philosophy. Dewey ontologized experience, and experience became the only object and content of his pragmatic philosophy. Experience is a very complicated concept; it is a sort of presence in sense perception, the subject's mental emotion and desire to will as well as the acting subject itself. The meaning of experience is the same as history, life and culture. The unity of experience, material, nature and organism constitute an important feature of Dewey's reconstruction of the concept of experience. Experience is profound rather than shallow. It points to the innermost nature of matters, whereby overcoming traditional experientialists' self-belittling and breaking through traditional materialists' frivolity. Dewey stressed the continuum between experience and nature and incorporated nature and things as parts of experience, which foreshadowed his effect-oriented relativist concept of truth. Organism and environment are connected in all kinds of ways and interact with each other. Therefore, subject and objects, organism and environment, experience and nature constitute an indivisible totality. Opposite to the duality and confrontation of modern philosophy, Dewey's reconstruction of the concept of experience was non-modern in its assimilation, organicity and internal relationships, as the incorporation of the contents of objects, processes, life and history into the concept of experience was breaking through and transcending the framework of modern epistemology which separated knowledge from reality.

並列關鍵字

Dewey ； Experience ； Nature ； Modern Philosophy

參考文獻

Alfred North Whitehead. Process and Reality. New York: MacMillan Company, 1929.

Alfred North Whitehead. The Concept of Nature. Cambridge University Press, 1920.

Immanuel Kant. Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können, Gesammelte Werke. Band Ⅳ, Berlin, 1903.

Kant, Immanuel(1998).Kritik der reinen Vernunft.Hamburg:Felix Meiner Verlag.

Kant, Immanuel(1968).Logik ein Handbuch zu Vorlesungen.Damstadt: