先秦儒家思想與後現代政治倫理－從「新修辭學」觀之

Pre-Chin Confucianism and Postmodern Political Ethics-In Reference to "The New Rhetoric"

廖義銘(I-Ming Liao) ； 匡思聖(Szu-Sheng Kuang)

《哲學與文化》 40卷9期 (2013/09) Pp. 39-59

摘要

依據佩雷爾曼之「新修辭學」中的三大理論內涵：反笛卡爾思想、聽眾分析、及論證前提與方法，來分析先秦儒家思想之主要論點，可以發現下列其三項特質，因而具有後現代哲學所強調之倫理論述：首先，先秦儒家思想的人治論與佩雷爾曼及其他後現代思想家一樣，都反對現代主義所依循之笛卡爾主義。其次，先秦儒家所主張的「中庸」論，與佩雷爾曼於「新修辭學」中所提出的「普遍聽眾」理論，具有異曲同工之妙，都在於反對現代主義所主張的非人性、純理性思考，而強調後現代倫理所重視的適時、通地、通情的相對性合理思考。最後，根據「新修辭學」中的論證前提與方法之分析，來解析先秦儒家的主要政治倫理之論述－－例如「義利之辨」，吾人發現先秦儒家的修辭前提多採「層級性的價值」，並且擅長運用「離析法」之論點，而採取這種修辭方法，表現出先秦儒家能夠包容社會價值與人性中的多元而差異性，並且試圖在多元而具差異性的社會中，主張對「人性」樂觀、積極與尊重的態度。

關鍵字

政治倫理 ； 先秦儒家思想 ； 新修辭學 ； 佩雷爾曼 ； 中庸 ； 普通聽眾

並列摘要

This paper argues that there are three points showing Pre-Chin Confucianism has some similar ideas with Chaim Perelman in political ethics. First, the ideas of ”rule of human” are same with Perelmanian and Postmodernism anti-Decartism. Second, the theory of ”The doctrine of the mean” in Pre-Chin Confucianism has similar meanings, similar functions, and similar questions with Perelman's theory of ”Universal Audience”, both of them against the dehumanize and pure rational thinking of modern political-ethical thoughts and uphold reasonable discourse that accentuate the importance of situational and local thinking. Third, applying the theories of ”starting point of argument” and ”techniques of argumentation” in Perelman's ”The New Rhetoric” to analyze the arguments of ”Distinction between Righteousness and Profit” in Pre-Chin Confucianism, we found that Pre-Chin Confucianism philosophers, like Confucius and Mencius, often used ”hierarchical value” as the starting point, and the ”dissociation” of concepts” as major argumentative scheme to argue their ideas of ”Distinction between Righteousness and Profit”. According to the analysis above, author of this paper believes that Pre-Chin Confucianism and Chaim Perelman share the same postmodern political-ethical ideas, that is, to esteem the differences in people and diversity in society, and to treat humanity with optimistical deference.

並列關鍵字

Political Ethics ； Pre-Chin Confucianism ； The New Rhetoric ； Chaim Perelman ； The Doctrine of The Mean ； Universal Audience

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