倫理選擇與喜劇的教誨功能－以莎士比亞喜劇為例

本文以莎士比亞的喜劇為例，探討喜劇的創作主體及喜劇作品中人物的倫理選擇所包含的道德理想和教誨價值，並研究喜劇的教誨功能如何在欣賞主體的笑中得以實現。在莎士比亞的喜劇中，倫理身份和倫理秩序的混亂導致的喜劇性矛盾，主要表現為新舊倫理觀念的衝突、善與惡的衝突等。面對喜劇衝突，否定型和肯定型喜劇人物會做出不同的倫理選擇，否定型喜劇形象追求無價值的東西，卻又披著華麗而神聖的外表；肯定型喜劇形象追求真善美，他們運用自己的聰明才智與對手周旋，揭穿殘暴者、偽善者的醜惡嘴臉。兩類人物形象在對比對照中顯示出各自的教誨價值。喜劇的結局往往是善戰勝惡，惡勢力受到應有的懲罰，這雖然不一定符合生活的邏輯，卻充分體現出創作者的倫理選擇和道德理想。喜劇的教誨功能是通過欣賞主體的笑實現的，喜劇的欣賞者有內在的倫理取向，他們在嘲笑喜劇對象不道德言行的同時，也使自己內在的倫理取向獲得一種認同，產生「突然的榮耀感」，從而使自身的道德意識獲得強化或提升。

關鍵字

喜劇；莎士比亞；倫理選擇；教誨功能

並列摘要

Focusing on Shakespeare's lyrical comedy, this essay aims to explore how moral ideals and the value of edification-inherent in the author's choice of dramatic subject and in the ethical selection of dramatic characters-are achieved through the laugher of readers/audiences in four aspects. Firstly, the act of cross-dressing in Shakespeare's comedies leads to the confusion of ethical identity and accordingly the chaos of ethical order, which generates the dramatic conflicts in comedy. Secondly, the contrast of ethical selection in words and conducts between comedy characters with worthless pursuit and those in pursuit of truth, kindness and beauty demonstrates the teaching value of comedy. Thirdly, the ending of comedy, which often explicates the victory of good over evila concept not in complete conformity with reality, fully reflects the writer's ethical selection and his moral ideal. Fourthly, the teaching function of comedy among appreciators is achieved through their laugher at unethical behaviors of characters. It is in this moment of ethical identification that the audience experience the moment of ＂spontaneous glory＂ and enlightenment on moral consciousness.