論象山與朱子文本所呈顯之儒學宗教性

On the Religiousness of Confucianism as Revealed in Lu Xiang-shan's a d Zhu Xi's Texts

黃信二(Hsin-Er Huang)

《哲學與文化》 42卷10期 (2015/10) Pp. 145-161

摘要

本文嘗試從文明演化的高度，透過朱陸文獻分析反思儒學之宗教性。所謂文明演化的角度在本文言，主要是指若依文明從宗教時代進入哲學時期，再進入科學時代的次序觀察，本文認為其中人性的演化，特別是人內在的宗教需求，並未隨著科學的來臨即形成全面的質變，即以理性的發展切除宗教，反對宗教與理性並存的可能。以儒家文本言，其心性系統亦從未離開人的命運、生死與鬼神議題，例如在先秦儒學中，孔子有殺身以成仁之見，孟子則有祭百神與動心忍性兩者並存的觀點；即兩人皆經由心性論的強調，內觀其看待生死與生命奧秘的方式。由於先秦部分已透過另文探討，故本文的任務主要在檢視宋明文本，例如分析朱子如何透過「理」與「氣」對鬼神加以詮釋，以「非理之常，使謂之怪」原則面對鬼怪之事；而象山則提出：「此理充塞宇宙，天地鬼神且不能違異」的看法，在統合「心、性、理」基礎上總括其對天地鬼神的看法。綜合上述背景，本文將檢視宋代理學家對儒學宗教性的哲學轉化機制與其中對原始宗教的保存向度；觀察其如何能在佛教心性論的挑戰下，提供儒家一有效安身立命的哲學觀，且此哲學觀並不排斥宗教情感，即彰顯出一種心性學的轉化機制與原初宗教情感並存的儒學之宗教性內涵。

關鍵字

儒學之宗教性 ； 朱熹 ； 象山 ； 鬼神 ； 命運 ； 生死

並列摘要

This article is to analyze and review the religiousness of Confucianism from the vantage point of the evolution of civilization. The perspective of the so-called evolution of civilization refers to the observation about the evolutional sequence of civilization from the time of religion to the time of philosophy and then to the time of science. We believe that the evolution of human nature, particularly the need for religion, is not completely transformed by the coming of science, that is, the possibility to remove religion and deny the coexistence of religion and reason. Regarding the texts of Confucianism, the theories of mind-nature have always revolved around the agenda of the fate of human beings, life and death as well as ghosts and gods. For example, both Confucius and Mengzi looked through the theories of mind-nature at how one sees life and death as well as the mysteries of life. Since the pre-Qin Confucians have been discussed elsewhere, this article focuses on the texts from the Sung and Ming Dynasties. For instance, we analyze how Zhu Xi and Lu Xiang-shan contemplated on the issue of ghosts and gods; Zhu interpreted it through Ii and qi, while Lu based his views on the unification of ＂mind, nature and Ii.＂ Based on the aforementioned backgrounds, we will examine how much of Confucianism the Neo-Confucians of the Sung Dynasty transformed to philosophy and how much the religiousness of Confucianism they preserved, seeing how they offered an existential view of philosophy not exclusive of religious feelings while the mind-nature theories of Confucianism were challenged the Buddhist theories of mind-nature.

並列關鍵字

Religiousness of Confucianism ； Zhu Xi ； Lu Xiang-shan ； Ghosts and Gods ； Fate ； Life and Death

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