朱熹、陸象山的書院理念及其現代意義

The Ideas and Modern Meanings of Zhu Xi and Lu Xiang-shan's Academies

曾春海(Chun-Hai Tseng)

《哲學與文化》 35卷9期 (2008/09) Pp. 129-150

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200809.0129

摘要

本文旨在針對當前海峽兩岸以經濟政策掛帥的教育政策取向上，所衍生之一些負面現象予以描述，且找出可資解釋的若干成因，再回顧歷史文化中值得省思的中國古代書院教育之理念和精神。文中以同為南宋時代的朱熹和陸象山為例，他們雖同為理學家，具有同樣的儒學基本共識和總體性的大方向。可是，他們辦書院及其講學精神同中有異，文中分述其同異和理由。最後，再把兩人的書院辦學理念及實踐方式風格對比於當前兩岸過度重視有形價值、輕視無形價值的偏差。期望朱、陸的教育理論和實踐能成為我們檢驗當前教育不足處的視窗而有所能借鏡及改善。

關鍵字

朱熹 ； 白鹿洞書院 ； 學規 ； 陸象山 ； 槐堂書院 ； 象山書院 ； 心學 ； 理學 ； 人文教養 ； 義利之辨

並列摘要

This article is meant to describe the negative phenomena deriving from the educational approaches on both sides of the strait that are dominated by economic policies, find out some possible causes and then look in retrospect at the ideas and spirits of ancient Chinese academies that deserve some introspection. Here we take Zhu Xi and Lu Xiang-shan from the Southern Sung Dynasty as our examples. Though being both Neo-Confucians and sharing in general the same Confucian consensuses, their spirits in running academies and lecturing were not all together the same; and their similarities and differences along with the reasons behind them would be stated in the following. Finally, we will present their ideas about academy education and styles of practice in contrast with the erroneous educational approaches on both sides of the strait that over-emphasize the visible value and under-emphasize the invisible value, in wishes that Zhu and Lu's educational theories and practices would be a reference frame for us to examine the deficiencies of current education and make improvement.

並列關鍵字

Zhu Xi ； Bailudong Academy ； Hwai Tang Academy ； Doctrine of Mind ； Neo-Confucianism ； Humanistic Cultivation ； Distinction between Righteousness and Benefit

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