從無心、生意、一體諸理境論陽明對明道思想之繼承與推展

在宋明理學家中，境界最是和粹圓融，氣象最為接近聖人者，當為取法顏淵之程明道；有德者必有言，故明道所以啟導時賢及後人者獨多，王陽明即為一顯著之例。陽明在言談之間，難掩對明道之肯定與敬佩。明道由體仁以達到渾圓之化境，陽明之言致良知，亦必以人我內外一體而化為終極歸趨。陽明之思想雖非全然得諸明道，但明道為表述其創闢智慧所使用之特定詞語，每為陽明所沿用，形成彼此一致之論述。本文即從「無心無情」、「生意活潑」及「物我一體」三方面，比對二人之相關文獻，闡發其旨趣。由此可見陽明在沿用明道若干表意之特定詞語時，實能廣泛並深入地推展其義涵，且以形成自家思想之重要成分。於是知陽明於明道之德慧實能存在地呼應，並發揚光大之，可謂為明道之知音。

關鍵字

陽明；明道；無心；活潑；同體

並列摘要

Among all rationalists in Song and Ming Dynasties, rationalist that had the most harmonious state and saint-like manner was CHENG, Mingdao, who followed the example of Yan, Yuan. For whom that has good virtue, he must has his own thinking and theory. Therefore, Mingdao inspired more local worthies and later generations than others. Wang, Yangming was one noticeable example. In Yangming's words, it was not hard to find his respect on Mingdao and recognition of Mingdao's achievements. Mingdao advocated realizing benevolence in order to achieve ultimate harmonious state, and Yangming's words in ＂Zhi Liang Zhi (Good Conscience)＂ also transformed the unity of ＂other and self, inside and outside＂ into ultimate harmony. Although not all Yangming＂s thinking inherited from Mingdao, many specific words and expressions by Mingdao to illustrate his theory were continued used by Yangming, who then created a consistent discussion with Mingdao's theory. This study compared the two scholars' document to illustrate their purports from the aspects of ＂flexibility＂, ＂vitality＂, and ＂unity＂. And from here, we are able to see that when Yangming continued Mingdao's specific words and expressions, he actually can extensively go deep into the meanings and elaborate further and conclude to be important elements of his own thinking. Hence, Yangming can actually respond to Mingdao's moral wisdom and enhance and glorify further. He can be deemed as Mingdao's second self.