從清華簡《命訓》看早期中國的三命觀

新發現的清華簡《命訓》對於瞭解古人有關「命」的認識非常重要。《命訓》將「命」區分為「大命」和「小命」，但當時更流行的觀點，是把「命」區分為「受命」、「隨命」和「遭命」這三者，即所謂的「三命」。以往學者對於這兩種認識之間的關係很少予以關注，實際上它們之間存在著密切的對應關係。「大命」與「隨命」、「小命」與「遭命」的內容是完全一致的；至於「受命」，則是指明王受天命來治理人世。《命訓》篇中雖然只提到了「二命」，但是其主題是「立明王以訓之」，實際上就是針對「受命」而說的。因此，《命訓》篇中雖然只說了「二命」，但實際上已經包含了三命說的內容。

關鍵字

清華簡；《命訓》；大命；小命；三命

並列摘要

Ming (命, Fortune) is an important topic in early China. Ming Xun (命訓, Fortune's Teaching) is a famous chapter in the newly published Tsinghua bamboo slips. In Ming Xun, Fortune was divided into two parts: ＂Big Fortune＂ (大命) and ＂Small Fortune＂ (小命), but as we know, fortune was more familiar with the classification of ＂Shouming＂ (受命), ＂Suiming＂ (隨命), and ＂Zaoming＂ (遭命), which was also called ＂SanMing＂ (三命, three fortunes). What is the relationship between these two classifications? The author inclines to the view that ＂Suiming＂ and ＂Big Fortune＂, ＂Zaoming＂ and ＂Small Fortune＂, are the same concept. As for the word ＂Shouming＂, it has to do with the rule of an enlightened king, which was the central topic of Ming Xun. Therefore, the conception of ＂SanMing＂ was also existed in the chapter of Ming Xun.