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惡的起源、自我責任與心靈的轉變-以意念(Gesinnung)為中心論康德的根本惡思想

The Origin of Evil, Self-Responsibility and the Change of Heart-On Kant's Thought of Radical Evil Centered on Disposition (Gesinnung)

摘要


惡的起源並不產生於人的感性以及由此產生的自然偏好當中,因為這些偏好與惡沒有直接的關係。康德認為,我們人類的本性中具有一種根本的、生而具有的,但卻是由我們自己給自己招致的惡即根本惡。因此人類自身需要對惡負責。這種根本惡具有一個本體論上的基礎——意念(Gesinnung)。從動機二元論的角度上根本惡可以理解為我們自由的任性(Willkür)在把道德法則和幸福(自愛)納入自己的準則時顛倒了它們之間的道德次序。這些準則的原初主觀根據正是意念,因此要實現從惡到善的轉變,只有通過一場意念上的革命才有可能。

並列摘要


The origin of evil does not come from the sensuous nature of the human being, and the natural inclinations originating from it, because these inclinations are not directly related to evil. According to Kant, our human nature has a primary propensity to evil, but it is not generated from outside but imposed by ourselves, for which Kant identifies as "radical evil". So human being should be responsible for the evil. The radical evil has an ontological foundation - disposition (Gesinnung). From incentives dualism perspective, the radical evil can be explained by our free power of choice (Willkür) that reverses the moral order between moral law and happiness (self-love) when incorporating those two into our maxims. The first subjective ground of the maxims is disposition. So the transformation from evil to good is possible only through a revolution in the disposition.

參考文獻


(德)康德,《單純理性限度內的宗教》,李秋零譯,北京:商務印書館,2012。
(德)康德,《道德形而上學(注釋本)》,張榮、李秋零譯注,北京:中國人民大學出版社,2017。
(德)康德,《道德形而上學奠基》,楊雲飛譯,北京:人民出版社,2013。
李明輝,〈康德的「根本惡」說—兼與孟子的性善說相比較〉,《中國文哲研究集刊》2(1992.3): 325-352。
樂小軍,〈康德與根本惡〉,《道德與文明》2(2020): 77-83。

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