中國歷史文化中「忠」與「孝」的衝突

本文對孝道與忠君（國家）之間衝突的研究表明，隨著時間的推移和歷史環境的變化，二者的相對優先權發生了重大變化。孔子宣稱，對父母的責任更為重要。孟子進一步提出，若舜帝的父親犯下殺人罪，他會舍棄王位與國家而救父。兩位聖哲均認為，家庭價值觀的培育是良好的社會與政治秩序之基礎。其後，《孝經》闡釋了「忠」「孝」之間更為複雜和相對平衡的關係。歷史小說《三國演義》表明，當「忠孝不能兩全」時，「忠君」有著更重要、更根本的訴求。

關鍵字

忠；孝道；《三國演義》；孔子；價值觀

並列摘要

Our exploration into cases of conflicts between filial piety to parents and loyalty to the state/ruler illustrates that relative priorities shifted significantly over time and changing historical circumstances. Confucius clearly declared the greater importance of one's responsibility to one's parents. Moreover, Mencius made a stronger case that even the sage-king Shun would abandon his throne and country to save his father-even if the father had committed murder. Both philosophers regarded personal cultivation of family values to be the foundation of a good society and political order. The Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing) later offered more complex and relatively balanced relationships between filiality and loyalty. The historical novel, Three Kingdoms (Sanguo yanyi), proclaimed that when filial piety and loyalty to the ruler were in conflict, it was duty to the ruler that had the greater and more fundamental claim.