唐君毅對黃宗羲哲學之評價

Tang Jun-yi's Evaluation of Huang Zong-xi's Philosophy

蔡家和(Chia-He TSAI)

《哲學與文化》 48卷5期 (2021/05) Pp. 5-26

摘要

本文探討唐君毅先生對於黃宗羲思想及其時代風氣之評價。黃宗羲身處明、清之際，屬明代之遺民，如此則該歸於明代或清代學術呢？唐先生視黃氏為清儒，原因在於黃氏雖有宋明理學之義理，但在時代風氣上，已往經世致用之實學發展，特別是對歷史的重視，其《明夷待訪錄》乃一闡釋外王事功之專著；相較於宋明儒學之重視心性以求天理的學術特徵，黃氏則轉為外開、下開的心學、氣學發展，以及對外王、歷史的強調。再者，黃氏雖屬心學，但其《明儒學案》的編寫，乃以史實、樸實角度而來給予每一位儒者地位－不論其人屬於何種學派；此乃史學家的訓練，比起古典心學，更能客觀地看待並尊重每個人的實修工夫。簡而言之，黃氏心學乃是結合了心學家的內在之道，以及朱子理學的重知傳統，此為內聖之義理；並因明朝亡之反省，而開出外王之道。最後，黃氏又將氣質之性與義理之性予以合一，修正了朱子的二元論性，此種做法更能合於客觀義理，並且回到經典自身的內在詮釋，不同於程朱理學的建構性詮釋。

關鍵字

唐君毅 ； 黃宗羲 ； 清代 ； 事勢之理 ； 向外

並列摘要

This article is about Tang Jun-yi's evaluations of Huang Zongxi's thoughts and the atmosphere of his time. Should Huang be seen as a scholar of the Ming or the Qing Dynasties as he was born at the turn of the dynasty? Tang sees him as a Confucian of the Qing Dynasty, since, in terms of Zeitgeist, Huang is much more pragmatic and values history emphatically, and his work, Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince, is a monograph on kingliness and legacy. In comparison with the Confucians of the Song and Qing Dynasties who emphasize on mind-nature and heavenly principles, Huang is more outwardly and downwardly oriented with his doctrines on mind and qi and values kingliness and history in particular. Furthermore, while being a philosopher of mind, Huang's Records of Ming Scholars estimates every Confucian in a historical and modest way regardless of which school they belong to. This is the training of a historian, which enables him to evaluate and respect every individual's self-cultivation more objectively than the classical doctrine of mind does. To put it simply, Huang's doctrine of mind combines the innate cultivation of a philosopher of mind and the erudite tradition of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, which is the morality of a sage, before the fall of the Ming Dynasty makes him reflect and develops the way of a king. Finally, Huang unifies psychophysical nature and moral nature and rectifies the dualism of Zhu Xi's doctrine. Such a unification is more appropriate to objective morality and, unlike Chengs' and Zhu's constructive interpretations, returns to the interpretations within the classical texts themselves.

並列關鍵字

Tang Jun-yi ； Huang Zong-xi ； The Qing Dynasty ； Circumstantial Nature ； Outwardly

參考文獻

黎靖德編，王星賢點校，《朱子語類》，臺北：文津出版社，1986。

黃宗羲，《黃宗羲全集》第 1、5、7、8、12 冊。（杭州：浙江古籍出版社，1994）。

顏元，〈學辨一〉，《存學編》卷一。見《四存編》（台北：世界書局，1984 ）。

牟宗三，《從陸象山到劉蕺山》，《牟宗三先生全集》第 8 冊，臺北：聯經出版社，2003。

牟宗三，〈關於生命的學問〉，《生命的學問》，見《牟宗三先生全集》第 29 冊。臺北：聯經出版社，2003。