徐復觀對陽明心學教育觀的理解與應用

Fu-Guan Xu's Application and Understanding of Yang Ming's 'Philosophy of the Mind' Concept of Education

黃文樹(Wen-Shu Huang)

《南台人文社會學報》 25期 (2021/11) Pp. 69-106

摘要

二十世紀，陽明心學受到出於熊十力之門的第二代現代新儒家徐復觀的青睞。徐氏認定陽明心學直承孔孟思想，彰顯道德良知，對現代的倫理生活、價值抉擇、社會與政治，以及教育文化概有積極意義。學界對於徐氏之研究在積累之中，這些研究遍及各層面，惟從教育思想史角度著手者卻極為罕見，特別是從他理解與應用陽明心學教育觀切入，進行專題性研究的論著，尚付闕如。徐復觀有豐富的教育經驗，一定程度的吸取陽明心學教育觀，並將其精華應用、體現於授課、講學與著述中，形成一股力量。本文透過文本分析法，歸納他對陽明心學教育觀的理解為六項：（一）陽明的「誠意」解說比朱子更切至；（二）陽明論道德自覺路徑，簡易直截；（三）陽明在學術上最大的貢獻，是強調道德良知主體；（四）陽明的政治思想，對現代富有偉大的啟示；（五）陽明的致知格物論，有精到之處，但未必盡符原義；（六）陽明心學的整體缺失，在輕視事理及其研求工夫。至於他對陽明心學教育觀的應用，則有下列六點：一是援引陽明心學針對時弊提出檢討與評騭；二是藉由陽明事蹟評破政學各界對古賢之誤解；三是採取陽明心學為依據，突出良知心的保育與復明；四是反對「計劃教育」，強調學習主體性；五是主張德育方法，仰靠「反省」才是根本之道；六是側重透過「自覺」，強化人格教育。

關鍵字

徐復觀 ； 王陽明 ； 心學 ； 教育觀

並列摘要

In the 20th century, Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind was made popular by Fu-Guan Xu, who was a disciple of the second generation Confucianism of Shi-li Xiong. Fu-Guan Xu thought Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind inherited the ideologies of Confucius and Mencius. He saw the value of Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind in manifesting morality, and bringing meaningful awareness to modern ethics, value choices in life, society, politics, and education. Studies of Fu-Guan Xu's work are continuing in academic circles. These studies cover multiple aspects, but are rarely conducted from the perspectives of the history of educational thought, and research on the way he understands and applies Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind is especially lacking. Fu-Guan Xu had rich experience in education, and he had learned much about the ideological aspects of Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind, which he applied in his teaching and writings. This article uses textual analysis to synthesize his six understandings of the ideology of Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind: First, Yang Ming's explanation on ＂sincerity＂ is more appropriate than Zhu-Zi's. Second, Yang Ming's interpretation of self-awareness in morality is simple. Third, Yang Ming's greatest academic contribution is to emphasize morality. Fourth, Yang Ming's political thought is inspirational to modern society. Fifth, Yang Ming's epistemic theory is not perfect, but has some anchor points. Sixth, the major drawback of Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind lies in its negligence of theory. As for his application of the concept of education to Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind, there are six points: the first is to criticize the modern world by citing and applying Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind; the second is to comment on misunderstandings in academia; the third is to use Yang Ming's philosophy of the mind as a benchmark for emphasizing the importance of protecting and revitalizing conscientiousness; the fourth is to oppose ＂the plan of education＂ and emphasize spontaneous learning; the fifth is to emphasize introspection; and the sixth is to strengthen the education of personality through self-awareness.

並列關鍵字

Fu-Guan Xu ； Yang-Ming Wang ； philosophy of the mind ； ideology of education