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  • 學位論文

朱子學中「心學」論說形成之考察

A Study of the Formulation of “The Learning of Mind” in the School of Zhuxi

指導教授 : 鍾彩鈞

摘要


當朱子學被稱為「心學」,這並不是「心學化」的結果(意指朱子學被轉化為「心學」),也不是近代學者出於特定意圖才創造的新興名詞,而是起於南宋中後期,自成脈絡的歷史事實。至於其內容,則主要以「人心惟危,道心惟微。惟精惟一,允執厥中」等十六字和「敬」為宗旨。因此,本論文將朱子學中的「心學」論說,視為「以傳心為傳道之學」中的「所傳為心法」之學。不只勾稽「心學」本為「傳心之學」的興起,可能出於宋代特殊的政治原則「祖宗之法」,同時也對十六字和「敬」在程明道、程伊川、胡安國父子,以及朱子思想中的理論建構和詮釋轉向,展開比較研究,凸顯「心法」在「道統」和工夫論上的意義。此外,在如何確立「道學」、「性理之學」的涵義、定位等問題上,本論文也經由思想和歷史考察,提出一些看法,以補充既有之說。所以本論文的研究目的,即在於藉由處理上述這些議題,還原朱子學中「心學」論說的動態發展過程,並掘發其意義。希望能為日後學術研究,提供進一步的思考方向。

關鍵字

朱子學 心學 心法 十六字

並列摘要


In this dissertation, the author maintained that to characterize the School of Zhuxi as “心學” (The Learning of Mind), was neither a result of an orientation of the School of Zhuxi to the Learning of Mind, nor an adoption of the invention of some modern scholars with specific intentions. This usage was due to a series of historical facts which originated in the Late Southern Song Dynasty. As for its contents, it took the Sixteen-Character teaching “人心惟危,道心惟微。惟精惟一,允執厥中” (The mind of man is insecure. The mind of Way is barely perceptible. Have utmost refinement and singleness of mind. Hold fast the Mean.) and “敬” (reverence) as basic teachings. For this reason, this dissertation regards “Learning of Mind” in the School of Zhuxi as “心法之學” (the Learning of the Method of Cultivation of Mind) in “以傳心為傳道之學” (the teaching of transmitting the Way in terms of transmitting the Mind). In addition to the discovery that the rising of the Learning of Mind as the transmission of Mind probably resulted from the political principle of “祖宗之法” (Ancestors’ Instructions) specific to Song dynasty, the author also discussed theoretical constructions and variations of interpretations of the Sixteen-Character teaching and reverence among Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Hu An-guo and his sons, as well as Zhu Xi. The significance of the method of cultivation of in the Confucian orthodoxy and theory of self-cultivation will be clarified throughout the above comparative study. Furthermore, for the purpose of ascertainment of positions and connotations of “道學” (Learning of Moral Way) and “性理之學” (Learning of Nature and Principle), the author proposed observations from philosophical and historical investigations, which provided new ideas to the present studies. In sum, the aim of the present study is to reconstruct the dynamic process of development of Zhu Xi’s Theory of Mind and discover its significance, which, I hope, might throw new light on directions of future studies.

參考文獻


本書目包含「古籍原典(含點校本)」與「近人論著」等二部分。「古籍原典(含點校本)」以原刻本或點校本為範圍。先依原典刊刻地區,分為「中國漢籍」、「域外漢籍」等二類,再依原典作者、編者(非依後世注者或點校者)或原典本身之年代先後排序。朝代標示與否,或人名及其用字等,皆以版權頁為準。至於版本擇取之因,及其必要的版本資訊等(如該書與他書合刊而明確標示於封面、版權頁,或該書之版本存卷情況),將於出版項後註記。原作者不明或生卒年不詳者,另參酌該作者之中舉年份,或其著作之可能成書年代排序。若真無法確定,將統一列於該朝代之末。
至於「近人論著」,則分為「專書(含工具書、論文集)」與「論文(含期刊論文、專書論文等)」等二類,皆依漢字作者姓氏筆畫與出版年次排序,英語著作,則列於漢語文獻之後。此外,出版項用字,若為簡體中文,基本上皆逕改為正體中文。日、韓漢字,除非有誤,否則為避免影響檢索結果,在作者、編者與書名、篇名處,皆一律不予更動。不過,因字型本身建模差異,導致筆畫增減改易者(如「践」字),不在此限。
最後,本論文徵引的古籍原典文字,相當部分雖來自今人建置的電子全文資料庫。譬如「中國哲學書電子化計劃」(https://ctext.org/zh)、「Kanripo 漢籍リポジトリ Kanseki Repository」(https://www.kanripo.org/)、「漢籍全文資料庫計畫」(http://hanchi.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/ihp/hanji.htm),以及「中國基本古籍庫」。同時在古今年月日的換算上,筆者也多得益於「中央研究院 兩千年中西曆轉換」網站(https://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/)。但由於電子全文資料庫並非傳統紙本書籍,不宜列為書目。且筆者徵引時,皆已覆案原書,或以更洽當的底本為據,對文字或標點加以調整和改動。故筆者先將所用資料庫列於此說明處,並向建置單位的苦心表達謝意。
一、古籍原典(含點校本)
(一)中國漢籍

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