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《孟子》中的自我觀-兼及儒家倫理學的定位問題

On the Conception of Person in the Mencius: With An Additional Comment on the Characteristic of Confucian Ethics

摘要


如何理解儒家的自我觀,是一頗具爭議的課題。過往的研究或從關係、角色的角度理解儒家的「自我」,強調其與近代自主性個體觀念之間的差別;或將儒家的自我界定為先驗的主體,並由之肯定儒家自我的自主性與個體性。本文則嘗試從多維自我觀的視角重新解讀儒家的自我觀。以孟子哲學為例,孟子的自我觀念,其實包含反思性、身體性、關係性及宗教性,也即心性、形氣、人倫與天道四個維度。就現實的層面而言,四個維度之間存在一定的張力;但就應然的層面來看,四者共同構成一「整全的自我」。以之為基礎,我們可以對儒家倫理學的定位問題,略作回應。

並列摘要


Confucian self is a hot topic in the studies of Chinese philosophy; it is also a controversial issue. According to many scholars in the English-speaking world, Confucians understand the person as an aggregate of roles and relationships, which privileges the community over the individual. But some contemporary Chinese scholars interpret Confucian self as a transcendental and autonomous self. Different from the previous studies, this essay tries to develop a multi-dimensional concept of Confucian self through interpreting the Mencius. According to Mencius, there are four dimensions of the self: reflective dimension, bodily dimension, relational dimension, and spiritual dimension, which are the essential constitutive elements of a person. From this holistic view of Confucian self, we will review the debates about how to understand the characteristic of Confucian ethics.

參考文獻


安樂哲,《和而不同:中西哲學的會通》,溫海明等譯,北京:北京大學出版社,2009。
牟宗三,《圓善論》,臺北:聯經出版社,2003。
牟宗三,《心體與性體(三)》,臺北:聯經出版社,2003。
牟宗三,《心體與性體(一)》,臺北:聯經出版社,2003。
牟宗三,《牟宗三先生講演錄(壹).先秦儒學大義》,新北:東方人文基金會,2019。

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