從多瑪斯到馬里旦－自然法的當代意義

多瑪斯（St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274）的自然法思想屬於古典自然法論，他以完整的哲學體系支持其法律理論。尤其在德行倫理學的系統建構中，「法律」中之「自然法」作為人性行為的第一原理，與好習性「德行」作為人性行為的內在原理，可說是理解與詮釋人性行為及其是非善惡的雙翼。馬里旦（Jacques Maritain, 1882-1973）的自然法基本上沿襲多瑪斯，而且是批判性地繼承。在多瑪斯「法律無非是由團體之負責人，為了公共利益所頒布的理性之命令」（《神學大全》中文版第六冊《論法律與恩寵》）此定義的基礎上，進行知識論的分析，除了在《人權與自然法》（The Rights of Man and Natural Law）一書闡明何謂「公共利益」以及「人的位格之權利植根於自然法」外，也在《自然法：理論與實踐的反思》（Natural Law: Reflections on Theory & Practice）一書進一步指出自然法具有本體論和知識論的兩項要素，因而有所擴充與發展，展現出獨特的馬里旦學說風格。本文即在以上的脈絡中，梳理中世紀的多瑪斯和20世紀的馬里旦倫理哲學中的自然法意涵，以及其與人權（人的權利）之關聯，藉此彰顯出自然法的當代意義。

關鍵字

多瑪斯；馬里旦；法律；自然法；公共利益∕公共善；稟賦知識；位格；人權

並列摘要

St. Thomas Aquinas's thought of natural law is part of the classical theories of natural law, supporting his theory of law with his comprehensive system of philosophy. Especially constructing the system of virtue ethics, natural law as the first principle of human acts and virtue as the intrinsic principle of human acts can be considered the two wings through which to understand and interpret the right and wrong as well as good and evil of human acts. Jacques Maritain's natural law basically follows Aquinas's and does it in a critical way. Based on Aquinas definition, ＂Law is nothing else than an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has care of the community, and promulgated,＂ from Summa Theologica, Maritain explains in The Rights of Man and Natural Law what the ＂common good＂ is and how the rights of a human person are rooted in natural law. Moreover, he points out in Natural Law: Reflections on Theory & Practice that natural law is composed of the ontological and the epistemological elements, which are expanded and developed into Maritain's unique doctrine. This article, looking at the aforementioned context, is meant to figure out the meanings of natural laws by Aquinas from the Medieval Times and by Maritain from the 20th century and their connection with human rights, manifesting the contemporary meanings of natural law.