孔子對《詩》的詮釋方法

本論文企圖依據涉及孔子稱《詩》、論《詩》、讀《詩》、言《詩》等的諸多史料，來探討孔子對《詩》的詮釋方法。本文依一、前言，二、對「詩」、「《詩》」與「《詩》三百」意涵的釐清，三、孔子以前《詩》文本的形成與運用，四、孔子對《詩》的詮釋方法，五、結論，進行論述。其重點在：（一）從授《詩》的文本論其詮釋方法，（二）從因周樂論其對《詩》的詮釋旨歸，（三）從稱《詩》論其對《詩》的詮釋方法。經過筆者的研究，發現孔子對《詩》的詮釋應該有兩個階段，早年的教學是因襲魯國官府所藏的《周詩》文本，晚年的傳授是寓己志以重編《詩》本，傳素王之道。最後，指出其詮釋方式是斷章取義，運用類比，其詮釋目的在成就君子之德，其對《詩》詮釋活動實含歷史主義、實用主義與假託主義三種面向，缺一不可。

關鍵字

孔子；詩；詮釋；詮釋方法

並列摘要

This essay explores Confucius' hermeneutical method through his speeches, referencing, reading and discussion of the ”Book of Odes”. It has the following sections: 1. Preface 2. Clarification of terms in ”poetry or odes”, the ”Book of Odes” and “three hundred stanzas of the ”Book of Odes” 3. The Pre-Confucian formation and use of the text 4. Confucius' hermeneutical method with regard to the ”Book of Odes”, and 5. Conclusion. The discussion focuses on (the hermeneutical method of) (1) The teachings of the ”Book of Odes, (2) The analyses of Zhou dynasty musical lyrics which refer to the ”Book of Odes”, and (3) Confucius' references and readings of the ”Book of Odes”. There are two stages of Confucius' hermeneutical activity. First, the early years, based upon the Zhou Book of Odes stored in the court of Lu. Second, the later years, when Confucius re-edited the text to spread the 'philosophical principles of an ideal king'. The essay shows that Confucius' hermeneutical method consists of taking passages out of context, the use of analogies, and the goal of developing the chivalrous and virtuous person. His hermeneutical activity combines historical and practical elements, and the use of theoretical implications.