盟軍總部與中日漁權爭議(1945-1952)

1937年中日戰爭爆發，隨後中國沿海出海口漸為日軍所占。1938年10月廣東省亦遭到日軍控制，中華民國政府喪失了沿海主要出海口的控制權，所有漁業之相關措施因此停擺。1945年8月15日，日本投降，國民政府重新取得中國沿海的統治權。然而在戰爭期間所遭致破壞的諸多經濟建設以及制度措施皆需重新整頓。國民政府遂於戰後重新討論領海海界之相關規定，希冀透過制度上的整頓使得漁業經濟得以重新復甦；此外亦可減少與其他國家的漁業紛爭，解決戰前漁權交涉所產生的諸多問題。日本投降後，盟軍旋即在東京成立盟軍最高司令官總司令部(General Headquarters)實質控制了日本的內政與外交。由於戰後日本至舊金山和約(Treaty of Peace with Japan)簽訂前，仍屬非正常國家狀態，尚不能執行象徵國家權利之一的捕魚權。1945年盟軍總部為解決日本戰後饑荒問題，遂劃定日本漁業界線，即所謂麥克阿瑟線(MacArthur Line)，以解決日本糧食不足的問題。然而，該線的劃分方式卻使得盟總與鄰近日本的各國爭議不斷，其中包含了中華民國。 1947年，遠東委員會討論有關日本漁業問題案。由於美國為了減輕占領日本的負擔以及鞏固其在東亞之地位，故在劃定日本漁區問題上專斷獨行，引起了鄰近各國，如中華民國以及蘇聯的不滿，最後該項草案並未在遠東委員會內通過；然而，盟總依舊擅自擴大日本漁區。雖然盟總在占領期間為日本劃定漁界，然而在1948年至1952年期間，仍然發生多起日本漁船越界補魚的事件。中華民國為此制定了國內法進行抵制，但卻因此與盟總在職權問題上發生衝突，最終中華民國在國際情勢的考量之下，向盟總讓步。1952年舊金山和約生效後，日本結束了非正常國家狀態轉而成為獨立之國家個體。在缺少盟總的因素之下，中華民國與日本間的漁業交涉進入了另一個新的階段。本文擬運用度藏臺北以及東京的一手資料，試圖釐清戰後盟軍總部與中日漁權問題。

關鍵字

漁業權；中華民國外交；中日關係；盟軍總部；遠東委員會

並列摘要

After the Sino-Japan War broke out in 1937, the Chinese coastline harbors gradually fell under the Japanese control. When Guangdong province was occupied in October 1938, the Republic of China had completely lost her control on the main harbors on its soil. As a consequence, the development of all fishery related matters was suspended, When Japan surrendered in August 15, 1945, the Chinese government regained the control of her coastline harbors. However, all of the war-time damages to China's economic structure had to be reorganized. For that purpose, the Chinese government re-opened the discussions on territorial waters, in the hope of recovering the fishery prosperity through rectifying and reforming the system, and reducing the disputes with other countries over fishery rights before the war. After Japan's surrender, the Allied Forces established the General Headquarters (GHQ) in Tokyo immediately; it controlled the substantial domestic and diplomatic affairs of Japan. Japan was in a non-normal state before signing the Treaty of Peace in San Francisco. For this reason, Japan could not practice fishery right, which was a symbol of the sovereign right. Due to the need of solving the famine issue in Japan, the General Headquarters delimited the fishing boundaries of Japan, the so-called ”MacArthur Line”. But the delimitation caused subsequent disputes between Japan and other neighboring countries, including the Republic of China. The Far Eastern Commission discussed issues concerning the draft of the ”Fishing and Aquatic Industries in Japan” in 1947. To reduce her burdens of the trusteeship of Japan and strengthening her importance in the East Asia, the USA took an arbitrary altitude toward the fishery draft, and this attitude prompted discontent of Japanese neighboring countries (e.g. R. O. C. and USSR). As a result, Far Eastern Commission did not adopt this version of draft. However, the General Headquarters still extended Japan's fishery zone without the consents of neighboring countries. From 1948 to 1952, many Japanese fishing boats were still transgressing the fishery delimitation. The government of the Republic of China established domestic laws to counteract Japanese intrusion, but this action led to conflicts with the functions and powers of the General Headquarters. Finally, due to the consideration of the international circumstances, the government of the Republic of China gave way to the General Headquarters. When the Treaty of Peace with Japan came into effect in 1952, Japan became independent without trusteeship. The fishery negotiation between the Republic of China and Japan turned a new page without the GHQ's interferences. This study uses the archives in Taiwan and Tokyo to clarify the issue of the fishery right discussed among the General Headquarters, the Republic of China and Japan after the WWII.

並列關鍵字

the Fishery Right ； the diplomacy of the Republic of China ； the relationship between the Republic of China and Japan ； the General Headquarters ； the Far Eastern Commission

國際替代計量

盟軍總部與中日漁權爭議(1945-1952)

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