1936年國大代表選舉的制度設計與縣級運作

國民大會是孫中山設計的政權機關，按其構想，國民大會代表應在縣自治的基礎上由人民直接選出，每縣一人。九一八事變後，在國人救濟國難和呼籲民主的雙重壓力下，國民黨決定結束訓政、施行憲政，在這種情況下，選舉國大代表、召開國民大會勢在必行。儘管國民政府認真打磨憲法條文，制定了相關法律、法規，並切實推行了選舉，但1936年國大代表選舉的實際效果並不理想，社會輿論多持批判態度。究其原因，其一是國民政府推出了頗為矛盾的選舉制度，雖然用心設計，但包含不小的張力；其二是基層社會在進行選舉時產生了諸多亂象，賄選和包辦普遍存在，選舉規則未得到尊重和遵守。矛盾的制度設計與混亂的縣級運作根源於國民黨政權的兩難處境：既想施行憲政，又想繼續控制政權；既要遵循孫中山的遺教，又要面對現實中的複雜情況；試圖通過選舉鞏固統治，但國民黨權力和組織的觸角從未深入到基層社會，無法保障選舉穩妥、有序進行。總體而言，國民政府開放選舉的行為本身值得肯定，在民國制憲史上具有進步意義。但選舉結果以黨政軍系統中人占優勢，割裂了國民黨與民眾的聯繫，蛀空了其統治基礎，透支了政權的公信力，使社會對其愈加失望。

關鍵字

國大代表；選舉；國民黨；制度設計；縣

並列摘要

The National Assembly was the organ of political power according to Sun Yat-sen's design. After the September 18th Incident, under internal and external pressure, the Kuomintang regime decided to elect representatives and hold the National Assembly. Although the National Government made a serious effort in drafting provisions of the Constitution, enacting relevant laws and regulations, and implementing the election in 1936, the actual result was not satisfactory, and public opinion was generally negative. An investigation of this failure suggests the following: First of all, the Kuomintang regime had designed an election system full of contradictions; Secondly, there were chaos in the county-level communities during the election. The root of the problem was the dilemma the Kuomintang regime confronted at the time: it wanted to implement constitutional government and yet to continue to control the regime; it had to follow Sun Yat-sen's teachings and yet was faced with a complicated political reality; it tried to consolidate its rule through elections , but the Kuomintang's power and organization had never penetrated into the grassroots and thus could not guarantee safe and orderly elections. In the end the 1936 election was dominated by party, government and military personnel with rampant corruptions. Such an outcome damaged the Kuomintang's ties with the people, and the society become increasingly disappointed with the regime.