非傳統安全危機對觀光的影響分析

觀光業是全球最大的產業之一，世界旅遊及旅行理事會（WTTO）統計2019年相關產業貢獻全球GDP中10.3%，相關從業人口達全球10.4%，2020年新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情爆發，聯合國世界觀光組織（UNWTO）估算年度經濟損失達9,100億至1.2兆美元，此類傳染病威脅屬非傳統安全範疇，是人類安全領域重要環節，安全是國際觀光不可或缺的要件，安全條件則是觀光意向重要考量，觀光業容易受到全球危機的影響，如新冠肺炎（COVID-19）對觀光產業造成衝擊顯著，而相關範疇中，恐怖攻擊、火山爆發、罷工及群眾事件、金融危機等，亦不同程度影響國際觀光，本文透過非傳統安全研究途徑觀察911恐攻、日本地震與海嘯、SARS、2008/2009全球金融危機等個案，分析並評估恐怖攻擊、天然災害、疾疫威脅及政經危機等對觀光目的地、觀光產業等影響與損害情況，發現當天災、疫情危機解除及損害修復後，影響停止、觀光開始恢復，但發生恐攻等事件後，因為觀光客的恐懼感，而對觀光影響不只是在危機期間，還會持續影響數月，本文進而歸納是類非傳統安全威脅對觀光業影響情況，建立觀察模式，以作為未來公私部門應對及評估產業復甦策略指標。

關鍵字

非傳統安全；危機評估；觀光產業；恐怖攻擊；疫疾威脅

並列摘要

Travel & Tourism is one of the world's largest sectors. According to WTTC research this sector accounted for 10.3% of global GDP and 10.4% of total employment in 2019. But UNWTO estimates that worldwide export revenues from tourism will loss US$ 910 billion to US$ 1.2 trillion in 2020 because of COVID-19 pandemic. Pandemic crisis is one of Non-Traditional Security issue which is an important sector of human security field. Safety and security are always indispensable conditions for tourism, also influence tourists' decision making on tourist destination. The tourism sector is easily affected by global crises. As the conspicuous impacts of COVID-19, volcanic eruptions, terrorist attacks, mass disturbances and financial crisis also affect tourism and related industries. This paper observes and evaluates some cases, such as 911 attacks, East-Japan earthquake and tsunami, SARS, 2008/2009 Global financial Crisis, etc., by Non-Traditional Security approach. And analysis the impacts and threats on tourist behavior, destination and tourism industries of natural disasters, terrorist attacks, infectious diseases and crises of economic and political. The results show when crisis broke out, tourist's numbers and total tourism receipts decreased. When the crisis event end and damage repair in some cases, such as infectious diseases, natural disasters, the effects almost stop, and situation start to recovery. But in some cases, such as terrorist attacks etc., the effects will continue several months because of tourists fear. Following, this paper concludes the future observation indicator for governments and private sectors to make crisis response strategy.

並列關鍵字

Non-Traditional Security ； Crisis Evaluation ； Tourism Industries ； Terrorist Attacks ； The Threat of Infectious Diseases

參考文獻

Oxford Reference (2021). “finantial crisis.” https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095818363. Retrieval Date: 2021/03/11.

UNWTO (2000). “Tourism Highlights, 2000 Edition.” https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284403745. Retrieval Date: 2021/03/10.

UNWTO (2001). “Tourism Highlights, 2001 Edition.” https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284406845. Retrieval Date: 2021/03/10.

UNWTO (2002). “Tourism Highlights, 2002 Edition.” https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284406876. Retrieval Date: 2021/03/10.

UNWTO (2003). “Tourism Highlights, 2003 Edition.” https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284406647. Retrieval Date: 2021/03/10.

國際替代計量

非傳統安全危機對觀光的影響分析

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