憲政與行政：論威爾遜〈行政的研究〉的緣起與意義

Constitutionalism and Administration: On the Origin and Impact of Woodrow Wilson's The Study of Administration

韓保中(Bao-Zhong Han)

《政治科學論叢》 34期 (2007/12) Pp. 105-150

https://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.34(105-150)

摘要

威爾遜被稱爲美國行政學之父，其一八八七年的〈行政的研究〉一文被視爲美國行政學的里程碑，許多研究圍繞在該文對後世的影響，若能知悉威爾遜學術關懷的起點及其轉變過程，將有助於我們認識〈行政的研究〉在威爾遜思想中的意義，本文將探討〈行政的研究〉寫作的緣起、問題意識形成及對後世的啟發。從威爾遜一八八六年以前重要著作中得知，其關心美國國家發展的問題，並從憲政研究的角度闡釋美國發展面臨困境的源由，認爲恪遵權力分立原則的美國，政府運行走向權力分散、國會支配與無人負責的局面，無法擔負促進國家進步的重任。面對憲政運行的難題，威爾遜提出診斷與改進之道，亦即政治與行政兩途徑。兩者輕重緩急比較之下，政治是「重而緩」的問題，行政則是「輕卻急」的問題。處理「輕卻急」問題的〈行政的研究〉，文中探討了民主國家中行政機關的屬性、任務的範疇以及追尋的價值，此篇威爾遜早期的著作，實爲解決日後「重而緩」政治問題奠定基礎。

關鍵字

威爾遜 ； 行政 ； 政治 ； 憲政

並列摘要

Woodrow Wilson is well respected as the father of American administration study. ”The Study of Administration,” which was published in 1887, is regarded as a landmark work in this discipline. There is much research debating the influence of ”The Study of Administration”. However, by learning more about the genesis and development of Wilson's academic concern, we can better understand the meaning and value of ”The Study of Administration”. This article will discuss the origins, the research consciousness formation, and the enlightenment of ”The Study of Administration”. By reviewing Wilson's writings before 1886, we find that Wilson was concerned with the national development of his country, and that he diagnosed the sources of American development problems from the view of constitutional theory. Wilson thought that the American government, under the principle of separation of powers, might evolve into diffusion of powers and domination by the Congress, and that therefore nobody would answer for the failure of policy implementation. This kind of government could not get the U.S. ahead. Facing constitutional difficulties head on, Wilson suggested diagnoses and solutions, otherwise known as the ”politics-administration dichotomy”. By order of priority, the political problems are though fundamental not urgent, and the administrative problems both derivative and imperative. ”The Study of Administration” deals with the derivative and imperative problems, and also dwells on the attributes, categories of missions, and values of administration in democratic government. ”The Study of Administration” laid down the foundations for solving the fundamental political problems of the day.

並列關鍵字

Woodrow Wilson ； Administration ； Politics ； Constitutionalism

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從強盜資本家到慈善家

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