俄羅斯聯邦「競爭性威權」體制下之公民社會「管理」與民主走向

俄羅斯於2011年12月4日舉行國會大選，5日公布大選結果，執政的統一俄羅斯黨（United Russia Party）在大選中勉強獲得近5成的選票，驚險獲勝，但反對黨及觀察員指控這次大選，執政黨有做票及舞弊嫌疑，並透過臉書（Facebook）和推特（Twitter）串聯，成功號召近萬名民眾上街抗議，反對普金長達12年的執政，結果有500多名民眾遭警人拘捕，還包括多名記者。俄羅斯於3月4日的總統大選後，也隨即發生大規模選舉舞弊示威抗議，反對勢力宣稱此抗議會繼續延燒至普金宣誓就職日。可以很明顯的看到，茉莉花革命浪潮並非沒有影響到中央再集權的俄羅斯，而普金「歸位」與此次俄羅斯大選的舞弊事件催促了茉莉花開，但是俄羅斯的民主脫軌是否會重上回到軌道上，卻仍是個未知數。因此，本文首先探討此次的俄羅斯國會大選與總統大選結果對於俄羅斯政局的影響，分析俄羅斯政府對於示威抗議和公民團體的控制與因應方式，俄羅斯媒體與網路生態，並探討俄羅斯政府如何主導「競爭性威權」混和體制下的公民社會建構，和俄羅斯對於電視媒體與網路的管控，居於少數的社會反對派勢力如同寒冬的壟罩，畢竟，冬天不是茉莉花的時節，俄羅斯的民主之路尚須未來的醞釀與考驗。

關鍵字

普金；競爭性威權；國家杜馬；公民社會；網路社群

並列摘要

Russia held its parliamentary election on December 4, 2011, and announced the election results the next day. Although the ruling United Russia party led the polls with 49.5% of the vote, this represented a sharp drop compared with the previous elections that landed the party a two-thirds majority in the state Duma. Election observers and opposition parties accused the ruling party of cheating and vote rigging, and used Facebook and Twitter to mobilize nearly ten thousand people the streets in protest. During the protests, five hundred people were arrested, including several reporters. After the presidential election of March 4, 2012, large-scale protests and demonstrations against election fraud erupted again. The protests have clearly had an impact on the re-centralizing Russian state. Putin's return to presidency and election fraud were the main factors behind the protest. However, the question remains as to whether Russia's derailed democracy can get back on track. Therefore, this paper examines the results and political impact of the Russian parliamentary and presidential elections, the current state of the Russian media and online networks, the Russian government policies in response to the protests against state control of media and restriction on the activities of the opposition, and how the Russian government manages civil society under ”competitive authoritarianism.”