憲政制度與政治文化對俄羅斯民主鞏固的影響

Constitutional Order, Political Culture, and Democrartic Consolidation The Case of the Russian Federation

況正吉(Cheng-Chi Kuang)

《問題與研究》 38卷11期 (1999/11) Pp. 31-52

https://doi.org/10.30390/ISC.199911_38(11).0003

摘要

俄羅斯聯邦憲法可以說是具備了「總統制」與「內閣制」兩種憲政體制的混合制度，也就是大家所歸類的「半總統制」，半總統制的憲政制度對於俄羅斯的民主鞏固的正、負兩面皆有影響。九八年和九九年四次撤換內閣的憲政風波以及九九年年中彈劾總統的憲危機，皆證實了俄國的政治人物、政黨或政府組統，並沒有以非民主的程序來獲取政治權力，試圖建立非民主的政權，所以憲政主義在俄國已經逐漸確立，並且也已反映在憲法與實際的政治運作上，這對於俄羅斯民主政治的鞏固發展，有著莫大的助益。但是聯邦憲法條文賦予總統過大的權力，過度強化行政權，壓制立法權，使得憲政體制中行政、立法和司法三權分立的狀態產生失衡的狀況，加劇了俄羅斯民主鞏固的困難。

關鍵字

半總統制 ； 民主鞏固 ； 威權轉型 ； 憲政制度 ； 俄羅斯聯邦憲法 ； 政治文化 ； 國家杜馬

並列摘要

The constitution of the Russian Federation is a combination of the presidential system and cabinet system, or what is generally known as the “semi-presidential system.” Semi-presidentialism has had both a positive and negative impact on influence of democratic consolidation in Russia.
The cabinet resigned four times between 1998 and 1999 and the president was impeached by the Russian State Duma in 1999. This confirms that Russian politicians, parties, and government organizations have not tried to obtain political power through nondemocratic procedures in oder to establish a non-democratic regime. Therefore constitutionalism has been built and reflected in both the constitution as well as in the practical operation of politics. This phenomenon is very helpful for the democratic consolidation of Russia.
However, the constitution of the Russian Federation grants very strong power to the president, excessively strengthening adminintrative poser while constricting legislative poser. In this manner, administrative power, legislative power, and judiciative power have become unbalanced, aggravating democratic consolidation.

並列關鍵字

semi-presidential system ； democratic consolidation ； authortarian trasition ； the constitution of the Russian Federation ； political culture ； the State Duma

參考文獻

Ahdieh, Robert B.(1997).Russia's Constitutional Revolution: legal consciousness and the transition to democracy 1985-1995.University Park, Pennsylvania:Pennsylvania State University Press.

Aron, R.(1981).Alternation in Government in the Industrialized Countries.Government and Opposition.17(1)

Castillo, Jasen(1997).The Dilemma of Simultaneity: Russia and Georgia in the Midst of Transformation.World Affairs.160(1)

Dahl, R. A.(1971).Polyarchy: Participation and opposition.New Haven and London:Yale University Press.

Duverger, M.(1980).A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government.European Journal of Political Research.8(2)