歐盟對外簽署自由貿易協定之文本分析與類型研究

A Categorization and Content Analysis of EU Free Trade Agreements

黃偉峰(David W. F. Huang)

《政治科學論叢》 55期 (2013/03) Pp. 85-118

https://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.55(85-118)

摘要

根據歐盟執委會資料，歐盟迄今（2011年11月止）與其主要貿易伙伴共簽署28個自由貿易協定（free trade agreement，FTA）。然而，過去針對歐盟所簽署FTA之內容分析大都屬個案研究或少數案例之比較研究。缺乏有系統地整理與分析所有歐盟FTA所涵蓋的政策項目和性質差異。於是我們的知識仍停留在特定歐盟FTA的內容為何、爭議何在，及其政策衝擊大小等問題上。無法進一步將已知的FTA個案資料予以通則化。本文旨在彌補上述知識空白，採用Horn、Mavroidis及Sapir所發展出的52項政策議題分類，再將其整合成WTO-plus（14項）及WTO-extra（38項）政策類別。據此來分析目前所有歐盟自由貿易協定的文本內容（共28份）。找出每一歐盟FTA涵蓋政策項目多寡，並試圖解釋歐盟FTA之政策涵蓋率高低的背後原因為何。本文發現歐盟所簽署的大多數FTA較偏向WTO plus政策類型。而與其WTO plus政策涵蓋率相關的解釋變數包括簽署年份順序、2006年傀儡變項、對手國的人口總數及經濟規模、對手國過去已簽署的FTA數目、簽約時歐盟會員國數目，以及對手國是否國界緊鄰歐盟會員國等。

關鍵字

歐洲聯盟 ； 自由貿易協定 ； 「全球歐洲」 ； 世界貿易組織 ； 政策涵蓋率

並列摘要

According to the Commission of the European Union (EU), there have been to date (November 2011) twenty-eight Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed between the EU and its trade partners. However, most existing studies of existing EU FTAs are either single-case studies or limited-case comparative studies. As a result, our knowledge is confined to which policy provisions each of the EU FTAs included or omitted, what legal and political controversies were attached to each of the FTAs, and the economic impact each FTA had on its signatories. There have been few attempts to generalize the existing knowledge derived from case studies on these FTAs. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically categorizing and analyzing the content of EU FTAs. Using Horn, Marvroidis, and Sapir's classification framework, which categorizes fifty-two policies into either WTO plus (fourteen items) or WTO extra (thirty-eight items) policy areas, the paper seeks to identify the policy areas included in each of the twenty-eight EU FTAs, at the same time as developing hypotheses to explain policy coverage rates for EU FTAs. The paper finds that most EU FTAs can be classified as WTO-plus type, in the sense that they include higher proportions of WTO-plus policy items. In addition, the following explanatory variables are found to be correlated with the appearance of a WTO-plus policy focus: the chronological order in which FTAs are signed, the 2006 dummy item, the population and economic size of the trade partner, the number of FTAs previously signed by the trade partner, the number of EU members when the FTA is signed, and whether the trade partner is geographically adjacent to EU member states.

並列關鍵字

European Union ； Free Trade Agreement ； Global Europe ； World Trade Organization ； Policy Coverage Rate