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微劑量學之理論及其應用發展

The Theory and Development of Microdosimetry

摘要


當輻射照射物質時,會與物質之組成原子產生交互作用,在通過物質時會沈積能量,使物質吸收輻射能,這些交互作用是分別獨立的(discrete)物理現象,在受照物質體積中的分布是不均勻的,每單位質量所沈積的平均能量(即吸收劑量)和能量沈積數目的多寡和空間分布,都可能影響輻射對生物及其結構所造成的效應。微劑量學(microdosimetry)的目的就是從微觀觀點決定吸收劑量在空間上的分布情形,更特別的是,它研究在細胞、次細胞級這種大小的體積暴露在輻射下,其能量沈積在空間上、時間上及能譜的分布情形,並探討這些分布所引起的生物效應關係,微劑量學試著用十分敏感的物理參數(線能、比能)去定量、預測不同類型的游離輻射所引起的生物效應,以求能表達輻射所代表的質(quality)。本文從劑量學(dosimetry)和微劑量學的差異談起,引入微劑量學的發展形成及其基本理論,介紹測量、計算微劑量的方法,並說明微劑量學與輻射生物學之間的關係,及其在放射治療上的發展應用。

關鍵字

吸收劑量 空間分布 線能 比能 微劑量學

並列摘要


Ionizing radiation deposits energy in discrete packages which are the result of interactions with the atoms of the medium through which it passes. Not only the average energy deposited per unit mass (i.e., the absorbed dose), but the number of energy deposits, their magnitude and their spatial distribution may be expected to influence the effect of the radiation on biological and other structures. Microdosimetry most generally means determination of an absorbed dose on a microscopic scale of spatial distribution. More specifically, it is the science that deals with the spatial, temporal, and energy-spectral distributions of energy imparted in cellular and subcellular biological structures, and the relationship of such distributions to biological effects. Microdosimetry seeks to express the quality of radiation in terms of subtle physical parameters sufficient to allow quantitative prediction of biological effects for different types of ionizing radiation. Here we will describe from macro- to micro-dosimetry, and the theory of microdosimetry. This paper discusses the experimental and theoretical methods of determining microdosimetric quantities and distributions, and also radiation therapy with applications in radiobiology.

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