從系統理論探討社會體的萌生特質

本文試圖從魯曼的系統理論來探討社會體的萌生特質。魯曼不僅揚棄形上學式存有及實證主義式的社會實在觀點，同時也挑戰將主體視爲行動承載者的看法。根據魯曼，社會系統最基本的組成要素不是個人，而是溝通；社會系統是山溝通所組成的自我指涉的封閉系統。因此，魯曼將個體／社會體的區分轉換爲互動／社會體的區分；互動系統中被強迫進行的溝通，共同執行了社會體的建構。爲了更清楚地介紹社會體的萌生特質我將針對下面幾點進行論證：首先，簡要介紹傳統社會學對社會體這個概念的闡釋。其次，論述互動及社會體皆不具有本體論上的存有，它們是由溝通所執行的萌生系統，是運作上自我指涉的行動系統。在第三點的基礎上，我將繼續探討互動與社會體之間的關係，這將提供我們一個觀點，去理解互動如何促成社會體的萌生。最後，我將對上述討論做一總結。

關鍵字

萌生；社會系統；互動；社會體

並列摘要

This essay investigates the emergence of society from the perspective of social system Luhmanns. He not only rejects the metaphysical being and positive reality of society, but also challenges the idea of subject as an acting agent. According Luhmann, the basic, indissolvable element of social system is not individual, but communication. Social system is self-referential and consist only of communications. So, Luhmann switchs the difference between individual/society into the difference between interaction/society. Communication is forced to operate in the interaction, and once it is executed, it will be society. For explaining the emergence of society clearly, I try to discuss an follows: to introduce briefly the traditional ideas about society; then, to demonstrate that neither interaction nor society possess the ontological being. On the contrary, they are both the emergent phenomenon consisting of communications and self-referential operational social systems. Basing on the 3 point, I will explore the relationship between interaction and society. It should offer us a perspective, how interaction contributes to the emergence of society. Finally, it will be summarized from the discussions above.