思考技能的訓練與中學地理教學

Thinking Skills Training and Geography Teaching in High School

歐陽鍾玲(Chung-Ling Ouyang) ； 何榆(Yu Ho)

《地理研究》 58期 (2013/05) Pp. 97-118

https://doi.org/10.6234/JGR.2013.58.05

摘要

「思考技能」相對於思考是分立（離）的，當我們思考時的各種組合之心智操作項目，是人們利用來解決問題、做決策及評斷事情等的特定心智操作過程，包括記憶、分辨、分類、預測、提問、評斷、綜合、推斷、下結論、計畫等。思考技能的訓練與培養常列為學校教育的主要計劃之一，能幫助學生順利的在一個不斷變化的世界及高度技術的社會中發揮作用。本文除了闡述思考技能的訓練及融入主題之教案編寫與教學設計的原則之外，並設計高中地理第四冊第三、四章之非洲地理單元為教學模組，實際教學操作四個思考技能：理解、連結、分析、評鑑的融入教學實驗。結果顯示，藉由地理課程單元設計和教學者適當的引導，思考技能的訓練可以協助學生串聯各種區域特色，包括「連結」自然環境與農牧業型態、「分析」殖民地式經濟、「評價」非洲當前問題與解決分法等；而透過自主學習的歷程讓學生能建構自我的知識系統，而思考技能則扮演著知識建構的鷹架和組織的作用。

關鍵字

地理教學 ； 思考技能

並列摘要

Thinking and thinking skills are not synonymous. Thinking is the mental manipulation of sensory input and recalled perceptions. Thinking skills, on the other hand, are the precisely delineated mental operations used in varying combinations as we think, such as remembering, distinguishing, classifying, predicting, judging, synthesizing, inferring relationships, and making conclusions. Thinking skills training is crucial as one of the main plans in school education, assisting students in constructing their knowledge systems. Under these principles, we designed syllabuses in order to integrate thinking skills with geographical teaching in high school.Due to the teaching processes, it is obvious that thinking skills training can help students connect various regional features through linking, analyzing, and evaluating different subjects. These thinking skills are the building blocks, or tools, of thinking. In other words, thinking skills are able to be used in changing combinations to carry out any major task, strategy, or process involving the production of meaning, insight, or knowledge.

並列關鍵字

geographical teaching ； thinking skills

參考文獻

Bloom, B. & Krathwohl, D.R. (1956): Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, handbook 1: Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay.

Moshe Barak, Pnina Mesika (2007)：Teaching methods for inventive problem-solving in junior high school. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 2 (1): 19-29.

林淑萍、葉連祺（2003）：〈布魯姆認知領域教育目標〉，《教育研究月刊》，105：94-106。

Barry K. Beyer (1991): Teaching thinking skills: a handbook for elementary school teachers. Boston: Allyn and bacon

Bob Kizlik (2012): Thinking Skills Vocabulary and Definitions. http://www.adprima.com/thinkskl.htm。(2012/08/22 瀏覽)