臺中龍井新漳海腔、老泉中腔的方音差及語音變異

The Differences and Sound Changes between New Chang-based Sea and Old Quan-based Middle Accents of Taiwanese Hokkien in Longjing, Taichung

陳淑娟(CHEN, SHU-CHUAN)

《國文學報》 74期 (2023/12) Pp. 251-283

https://doi.org/10.6239/BOC.202312_(74).08

摘要

臺灣西部閩南語的方言分佈多半是「近海偏泉腔、內陸偏漳腔」，龍井的漳泉分佈卻以南北劃分，大致以「龍井大排」為界，以南為偏漳腔，以北是偏泉腔。在臺灣的語言地圖上，龍井南漳、北泉的分佈，與臺灣西部「沿海偏泉腔、內陸偏漳腔」不同，其漳、泉腔的地理分佈非常獨特。本文首先比較龍井漳腔及泉腔區各音類的變體分佈，透過老、中、青的調查探究其音變趨勢，本文的調查發現龍井老泉中腔已無〈箴箴_文〉念［əm］或［ɨm］之特點，陽聲韻央元音已消失，兩個央元音/ɨ/、/ə/正在快速衰退，/ɨ/比/ə/更快消失。龍井漳腔、泉腔兩區的元音系統都趨向/o/、/ɔ/不分的五元音系統，漳腔區因茄投四大家族主要來自漳浦，漳浦的〈刀高_白〉類讀［ɔ］，因此龍井漳腔〈刀高_白〉類讀［ɔ］可能承襲自漳浦方言，現代龍井漳腔方言〈高高_文〉、〈刀高_白〉與〈高沽〉皆合併為［ɔ］，連帶影響泉腔區的音變趨勢。最後，我們發現龍井漳腔、泉腔的音變有些是經由自然演變，然而更多音變是來自方言移借。

關鍵字

語音變異 ； 央元音 ； 元音系統 ； 方言移借 ； 老泉中腔 ； 大肚新漳海腔 ； 龍井

並列摘要

The distribution of the Southern Min dialects in western Taiwan mainly exhibits a tendency of "coastal areas favoring Quan-based accent, while inland areas favor Chang-based accent". However, the distribution of the accents in Longjing is roughly divided along a north-south boundary by the "Longjing Dapai." The southern area uses the Chang-based accent, while the northern area uses the Quan-based accent. The distribution of the southern Chang and northern Quan in Longjing differs from the pattern in western Taiwan; therefore, the geographic distribution of the local dialects in Longjing is quite unique. The article first compares the distributions of the sound variations of the Chang-based and Quan-based accents in Longjing, examining the trends in sound variations through investigations among the elderly, middle-aged, and young. The article discovers that the "Tsɨm/Tsɔm_(literary) 箴箴_文" word group is no longer read as [əm] or [ɨm], indicating the disappearance of central vowels followed by a nasal coda. Furthermore, it explores the decline of the two central vowels /ɨ/ and /ə/ in the Longjing Old Quan-based middle accent, with /ɨ/ declining faster than /ə/. The vowel systems in Longjing of Chang-based and Chuan-based accents converge to a five-vowel system. Given the Four Families of Qietou in Chang-based accent area of Longjing mainly immigrated from Zhangpu, where the "To/Ko_(colloquial) 刀高_白" word group is read [ɔ], the same reading in Chang-based accent area of Longjing may inherit the characteristic of Zhangpu dialect. The "Kɔ/Ko_(literary) 高高_文", "To/Ko_(colloquial) 刀高_白" and "Kɔ/Kɔ 高沽" word groups merge into [ɔ] in modern Chang-based accent of Longjing, and this subsequently influences the trend of sound changes of Quan-based accent. Finally, it is found that while some sound changes have undergone natural changes, more have originated from dialect borrowing.

並列關鍵字

sound variation ； central vowel ； vowel system ； dialect borrowing ； Old Quan-based middle accent ； Dadu New Chang-based sea accent ； Longjing

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