- 期刊
新興半總統制國家的共治運作機制與路徑多樣性
The Operational Mechanisms and the Diverse Paths of Cohabitation in New Semi-presidential Democracies
摘要
本文採取路徑依賴觀點，挑選1990年之後進入半總統制的新興民主國家：保加利亞、立陶宛、蒙古、尼日共和國、波蘭、斯洛維尼亞、聖多美普林西比、斯洛伐克、羅馬尼亞、喬治亞，分析其在共治期間所展現的不同類型與樣態。本文從總統或國會實質任命總理的制度出發，按此制度選擇原因及歷史條件，探討接續所影響的行政權歸屬、行政立法互動關係，以及當中初始條件和關鍵時刻的交互作用。本文將說明，雖然國會中心的任命方式，成為各國出現共治的初始條件，但隨著關鍵時刻所產生的制度再製，在行政權應屬總統或總理的運作過程中，亦引發國會與總統對行政事務主導權之相爭。因此，在「總統與總理的行政權歸屬」以及「總統與國會關係」的影響下，共治將不必然造成半總統制的「向上提升」。另外，本文也認為，由於共治的選擇可能是一種權宜之計、歷史文化結構下的產物，或是制度所造成行動者不得不為之後果，故共治的運作機制及其多元意義，將更凸顯一國憲政民主實踐的機會與侷限。
並列摘要
From the perspective of path dependence, this paper analyzes various forms of cohabitation under semi-presidentialism in the nascent democracies of Bulgaria, Lithuania, Mongolia, Niger, Poland, Slovenia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Slovakia, Romania, and Georgia. By examining the historical circumstances that resulted in a system in which either the president or the parliament names a prime minister in practice, this paper discusses how the government system design affects the executive power vesting dispute, the interactive relationship between the executive and the legislative, as well as the interaction between initial conditions and critical junctures(?). Although there was a similarity that every country chose a parliamentary-led nomination system at the beginning, the system reproduction at the/a critical moment would cause the/a dispute about the real head of the executive between the president and the premier, in addition to the competition for controlling the executive operation between the president and the parliament. As a result, cohabitation does not inevitably make semi-presidentialism move forward. Besides, this paper argues that the various operational mechanisms of cohabitation reveal a state's chances and limits to constitutional democracy in practice since cohabitation may be makeshift caused by the historical or cultural structure, or a result that the institution forces the actors to behave in a way in which they have no other choice.
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
- 張峻豪（2020）。政黨體系與新興半總統制國家的共治運作。人文社會科學研究，14(1)，59-78。https://doi.org/10.6284/NPUSTHSSR.202003_14(1).4
- 沈有忠（2011）。半總統制下行政體系二元化之內涵。政治科學論叢，(47)，33-64。https://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.47(33-64)
- 施奕任（2009）。分立政府與政府體制：半總統制的再思考。興國學報，(10)，163-173。https://doi.org/10.29950/JHKUM.200901.0012
- 吳東野（1996）。「半總統制」政府體系的理論與實際。問題與研究，35(8)，37-49。https://doi.org/10.30390/ISC.199608_35(8).0004
- 李鳳玉（2018）。Party Size, Political Institutions, and Parties' Decisions to Enter Presidential Elections in Smi-Presidentialism。政治學報，(65)，81-107。https://doi.org/10.6229/CPSR.201806_65.0003