後國民經濟時代與國際貿易的新局面－以半導體高科技產業為例

本文探討主權國家在「後國民經濟」時代的兩難困境：一方面它要執行產業及社會政策，以保障本國的利益；另方面當面臨來自國外及多國籍企業的壓力，它又不能採取歧視性的國家政策。這種困境可以在半導體高科技產業中體現出來。龐大的研發成本與沈沒成本使得後進國家很難跟科技先進國家的廠商競爭。當主權國家想要以產業或貿易政策幫助科技發展時，就可能產生貿易摩擦，摩擦主要集中在「公平的市場競爭機會」與「公平的投資機會」問題上。WTO的爭端解決機制似乎是解決此摩擦最佳制度。不過在許多的議題上如高科技發展、社會性議題等，先進國與後進國仍待繼續協商。在此新局面下，主權國家最可以進行的工作也就只有結構性因素的改善。

關鍵字

後國民經濟；全球化；公平的市場競爭機會；公平的投資機會；半導體產業

並列摘要

This paper tries to examine the dilemma of a 'nation' state in the post-national economy. On the one hand it must implement domestic industrial and social policies to protect 'national' interests, and on the other hand it must face the globalization forces driven by multinationals and foreign countries, which try to level out all differences caused by national policies. High-tech industries are the most obvious case in illustrating the dilemma. The huge cost of R&D and sunk cost makes it hard for late-comers to compete with technologically advanced countries. When the nation state tries to intervene in the industrial development, it will inevitably cause trade friction, which is mainly centered around the problems of market access and market presence. It seems that the new WTO disputes settlement mechanism has been the best institutional design to avoid trade war up to now. However, agreement on high-tech and other social issues has not yet been reached between developed and less developed countries, especially between the OECD and the Asian countries.

並列關鍵字

post-national economy ； globalization ； market access ； market presence ； semiconductor industry

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