The Double Consciousness of Cultural Pariahs-Fantasy, Trauma and Black Identity in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby

文化賤民的雙重意識－從摩里森《黑寶寶》中看幻想、創傷與黑色認同問題

邵毓娟(Shao Yuh-chuan)

《歐美研究》 36卷4期 (2006/12) Pp. 551-590

摘要

This paper attempts to investigate the pathological condition of identity formation by reading Morrison's novelistic reflection of the pathology of cultural pariahs in light of the psychoanalytic concepts of fantasy and trauma. By reflecting on the issue of black identity in Tar Baby through Slavoj Zizek's Lacanian approach to ideology and the ethics of trauma proposed by Cathy Caruth and Petar Ramadonovic, this paper wishes to formulate a more sophisticated understanding of black identity and of the relationship between the subject and ideology. The discussion of the paper will first, by addressing the complex of 〞black skin, white self,〞 explore the alienation of black subjects in the white world and the identity crisis brought about by black embourgeoisement. The second part of the discussion will focus on the complexity of Morrison's 〞double vision,〞 as embedded in the double consciousness of the protagonists, and on the pathological and ethical dimensions of double consciousness. The last part, then, will tackle the intertwining relationship between black trauma and the reconstruction of black identity. The double consciousness of blacks as cultural pariahs, I would argue, can be taken as signifying the libidinal economy of the black subject and pointing to the double burden of the cultural pariah: this is a task of confronting the seduction of white culture and the legacy of black trauma and thus of confronting the real of black identity.

關鍵字

double consciousness ； fantasy ； identity ； Tar Baby ； trauma

並列摘要

本篇論文將借助學者齊傑克（Slavoj Zizek）所提出的意識形態幻想框架、學者卡路斯（Cathy Caruth）與拉馬丹維奇（Petar Ramadanovic）對創傷提出的倫理層面的討論，來分析摩里森作品《黑寶寶》中的黑色認同問題。論文內容分為三個部份：首先討論《黑寶寶》中白人文化意識形態對黑人中產階級知識份子形塑自我與文化身份的影響，藉由精神分析的幻想框架與主體欲望結構等觀念來剖析摩里森所呈現的「黑色皮膚、白色自我」的異化問題。第二部份分析文化賤民的雙重意識並討論摩里森的雙重視野（double vision）──黑色身份的建構必須同時納入過去與未來、個體與社群之間連結的可能性。第三部份探討小說中浮現的主體身份重建與歷史創傷之間的糾結。摩里森對於黑色創傷的處理除了展現出如學者卡路斯所提出的主體經由創傷而與真實層建立倫理關係，真實層代表著黑色身份所承載（或不願承載）的歷史／文化身份（奴隸／低等／落後等身份）。本篇論文強調，精神分析的架構深化我們對摩里森作品中所暴露的文化賤民雙重意識（擺盪在白色誘惑與黑色創傷之間）黑色身份（authenticity）的理解與思考。

並列關鍵字

雙重意識 ； 幻想 ； 身份屬性 ； 《黑寶寶》 ； 創傷

參考文獻

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