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比較孟子與荀子的「性善說」

A Comparism on Mencius' and Hsün-tze's Views of Hsing-shang-Shuo

摘要


一般都忽略了荀子有他自己對「性善」的了解與看法。本文主要就依據孟子與荀子自己的了解與觀點來比較他們對「性善說」的看法。結論是:(1)兩人都認為「性善」表示「性」與「成善能力」的能力為「分析關係」的「不離」,即為人所「內在本有」。但,(2)孟子之了解是兩者為(嚴格意義之)「重言式的分析關係」,荀子則為「主謂式的分析關係」。(3)關於「內在本有」,在荀子為「生而有」的,乃自然之順取進路之所了解的;在孟子則不是。孟子取道德之送取方式了解人之所以可能做道德實踐之根據乃內在於人且為人本有。(4)因之,對孟子,性善」之「性」為「道德之性」,對荀子則為「自然之性」。(5)依孟子的了解,此性為「超驗而無限的道德創造性」;對荀子則只為經驗實然之自然之性。最後,(6)依荀子,「性善說」不可能成立;孟子則主張「性善說」。

並列摘要


This study is purposed to compare Mencius' and Hsün Tze's views on Hsing-Shang (the goodness of human nature), by tying up with their own understandings-in the case that scholars generally neglect the fact that Hsün Tze has his own understanding and view on Hsing-Shang. And the conclusion turns out to be: (1) For both Mencius and Hsün Tze. Hsing-Shang indicates that the relationship between human nature and the ability enable one to have good action is inseparably, i.e. analytical relation. But, (2) for Mencius, it is in the form of subject-predicate, while for Hsün Tze in tautological form. (3) As to the nature in Hsing-Shang Shuo, Mencius takes to be what one originally and internally has, i.e. not what one is endowed by nature, whereas for Hsün Tze one has it while one is born. (4) The nature, for Mencius. is the Four Beginnings, which is essential to be moral. while, in Hsün Tze's view, it is a natural ability, essential to he natural. (5) In Mencius' view, the nature is the creativity of morals. transcendental and infinite, but it is impossible to be so in Hsün Tze's understanding: it is just an empirically nature. (6) In Hsün Tze's theoretical system, there is no room for Hsing-Shang Shuo. and so the relationship between the nature and the good ability is empirically synthetic, but Mencius takes Hsing-Shang Shuo to be valid.

參考文獻


唐端正。荀子善偽論所展示的知識問題。中國學人。6
陳大齊。孟子性善說與荀子性惡說的不相牴觸。孔孟學報。13
唐端正、陳大齊。荀子的心學。哲學與文化月刊。51、52
蔡錦昌(1989)。從中國古代思考方式論較荀子思想之本色。唐山出版社。
牟宗三(1973)。心體與性體。台北:正中書局。

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温毓華(2012)。從孟子性善論論現代師生關係〔碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0021-1610201315311429
潘彥安(2015)。論唐君毅「自我超越」的工夫歷程:以《道德自我之建立》為中心〔碩士論文,國立中央大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0031-0412201512063317

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