韓國儒學發生學及其對儒學國際化的啓示

韓國素稱「儒學優等生」。之所以是「優等生」是因為韓國儒學經歷了近兩千年的發生、發展過程，是中國本土以外與外域文化會通產生的新儒學。解讀韓國儒學對理解儒學國際化的進路具有理論意義與實踐意義。韓儒學從西元一世紀傳入韓半島，同韓國固有的樂感文化和天神信仰結合。從三國到統一新羅時期，韓國儒學與四世紀傳入的佛學以及道家、道教思想結合，穩固落著於韓國風土文化。高麗朝則是韓國儒學與佛學分道揚鑣期。儒學畢竟是哲學、社會思想。直到麗末朝鮮朝初，鄭道傳的批佛揚儒、朱子學傳入，揭開韓國儒學全盛期的開端，儒學最終成為占統治地位的社會意識形態。由於受韓國傳統和思維特質等深層文化影響，儒學最終翻新成十七世紀以後的實學。此期實學吸納了西方社會思想、科學技術思想，產生出民主、民權、社會改革等思想。韓國儒學以其獨特面貌，將韓國社會引向開化開港後的近代社會，制約了現代化的面貌。

關鍵字

韓國儒學；傳統文化；發生發展；儒學國際化

並列摘要

South Korea was used to being called perfect student of Confucianism. The reasons were that Korean Confucianism had almost history of two thousand years and it not only combined the Chinese culture but also foreign culture. Learning Korean Confucianism there was theoretical and practical significance in comprehending the process of Confucian internationalization. Confucianism was brought in Korean peninsula in 1 century B.C. It combined with god belief and musical inspiration culture. Form period of scattered three countries to united Sin La Korea. Korean Confucianism combined with Buddhism and Taoism, which began to be brought in form 4 century A.D and it rooted in Korean culture. Korean Confucianism separated form Buddhism in ancient Korea dynasty. Confucianism was about philosophical and social thoughts after all. Until to upper Li Mo dynasty Zeng Dao zen' criticism of Buddhism and development of Confucianism and Zhu xi school were introduced to South Korea. That was the beginning of most development of Confucianism in South Korea and finally Confucianism turned into the ruling ideology. Due to deeply culture of Korean tradition and conventional thoughts and so on effected to it. Confucianism finally renewed practical learning in later 17th century. At that time, practical learning absorbed the west thoughts and scientific technical thoughts. Theses thoughts bloomed with democracy, civil rights, social reform and so on. The uniqueness of Korean Confucianism would lead South Korea to open thoughts and open harbor neoteric society and restrict the modernization.