《人間詞話》詩詞審美平議－「詩之境闊，詞之言長」

異中見同，同中更見異，是人文教育進步的必要條件。詩詞之辨，王國維所述最稱精審，他在《人間詞話 • 刪稿十二》中說：「詞之為體，要眇宜修，能言詩之所不能言，而不能盡言詩之所能言。詩之境闊，詞之言長。」易言之，詩有詩的境界，詞有詞的境界。進一步就《人間詞話》之詩、詞摘例而觀，二者的審美特徵，既可互觀，又有區別。近代學者繆鉞先生，在《詩詞散論 • 論詞》中則指出：「詩顯而詞隱，詩直而詞婉，詩有時直言而詞更多比興。」此外，葉嘉瑩教授在《中國詞學的現代觀》，也有相關闡述。不過，詩與詞在表達方面，為何有如此差別？在審美「境界」中是否可以會通？抑或區隔？本文乃從王氏《人間詞話》之有關論述，來彰顯詩、詞「境界」異質，既可互通又有區別的審美價值。

關鍵字

王國維；人間詞話；詩詞；審美；境界

並列摘要

To see similarities in differences and to see differences in similarities are the necessary steps towards humanity education. Wang Guo-wei is the one who demonstrates this idea most deliberately. In the book “Ren—jian-cih-hua,” abridged Volume 12”, he stated that “The body of lyric must be concise and precise, must say what poetry cannot say, and must not explain what poetry can say. Poetry is for width and lyric is for length.” In other words, poetry has its own state and lyric has its own aura. Take the poetry and lyric in Ren-jian-cih-hua for example. The characteristic beauties of these two genres have something in common and also something different. The recent scholar, Mr. Mo-ye, in the book “The Discussion of Poetry and Lyric— the Discussion of Lyric,” points out that poetry is overt while lyric is covert, that poetry is straight while lyric is tactful, and that poetry is sometimes straight-forward and lyric is more metaphoric. Moreover, Prof. Ye chia-yin has the same statement in the book “The Contemporary Outlook of Chinese Literature.” However, why do poetry and lyric have such kind of difference in the way of representation? Can they communicate with each other in the aspect of the appreciation of beauty or are they just different from each other? This paper starts from the statements of Wang in Ren-jian-cih-hua and manifests the heterogeneity of poetry and lyric’s aura and their value of appreciation of beauty; that is, they can communicate with and differentiate themselnes from each other.