女性員工在出口産業待遇的探討－以台灣1980年代爲例

Economic Rewards and the Determination Process for Female Workers in Export-Oriented Industries in the 1980s-Using Taiwan as an Example

張晉芬(Chin-Fen Chang)

《台灣社會研究季刊》 22期 (1996/04) Pp. 59-81

https://doi.org/10.29816/TARQSS.199604.0002

摘要

不論是依賴或世界體系觀點對於女性員工在非核心國家經濟發展過程中勞動報酬的決定過程較少提及。當學者討論産業的發展、跨國公司的影響、或是工人階級的形成時，工人做爲經濟發展得以進行的主體卻似乎被忽略掉了，遑論女性員工。本文的目的即是希望結合發展理論和新結構論的觀點研究出口工業中女性員工勞動市場的待遇和決定過程。在方法上則是同時分析其他産業部門與男性的情況，以便比較。本文利用兩種不同類型的資料進行驗證的工作。首先是使用集體的的資料，在産業的層次上對不同部門之間薪資的決定因素進行動態分析。第二類則是以個人資料爲主所進行的迴歸分析。實證分析的結果顯示，在過去十年間，即使控制了個人因素及一些産業變項，女性的平均薪資仍普遍不如男性。運用經濟區隔的概念，作者發現不同的經濟部門之間的薪資的確存有顯著的差異。相對於其他部門，出口部門的薪資是最低的，而女性在出口部門內的平均薪資又低於男性，且這項差距還有隨時間擴大的趨勢。對個人資料進行廻歸分析的結果顯示年齡對男性的薪資效果大於女性，女性單身的正面效果則大於男性。大專學歷在公營和出口部門中對男女薪資都有重要的影響。作者發現女性大專畢業的在出口部門中所佔的比例遠不如男性。這是因爲具有高學歷的女性不願去出口産業中就業，或是雇主無意雇用這類女性，還是另有其它原因，應是值得深究的。

關鍵字

産業隔離 ； 出口 ； 薪資 ； 女性員工

並列摘要

The importance of female labor force in the process of economic development has been understudied in previous labor market research. While we were having better knowledge about the change of industrial structure in peripheral economies, the penetration of foreign capital into developing countries, and the structuration of class system in newly-developed regions, the impacts of these dynamic changes on workers', especially women working in the sector manufacturing goods for export, economic returns received only little attention. This paper intends to integrate some propositions form both dependency and labor marker theories to examine the wage payments of female workers in the export sector and the determination process by using Taiwanese's data. The empirical results show that workers in export industries on average receive the lowest level of earnings among all industries and female workers earned less than men in the export sector as well as in other sectors. Working in the export sector proves to have double disadvantages for Taiwanese women in terms of economic compensation. The author also found that having college degree has a positive impact on hourly wages for both male and female workers. However, college-graduated women are least likely to be found in the export than in other industrial sectors in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

industrial segregation ； export ； wages ； earnings ； female workers