新威權主義與新左派的歷史根源－評汪暉〈“新自由主義”的歷史根源及批判〉

本文不同意汪暉將一九八九年中國大陸民主運動稱為“社會運動”，一九八九年民主運動是政治運動，是以“反腐敗”、“爭民主”為旗幟的對內的國民運動或市民運動，從運動主體方面來說，目標是爭取實現新聞自向和結社自向等公民憲法權利。一九八O年代大陸的強勢話語是新啟蒙主義或稱新啟蒙思潮。一九九O年代的強勢話語則是反對新啟蒙主義的，在各主要領域均反其道而行之，穩定和保守無疑是它的基調。所以，現在大陸的強勢話語並非汪暉所說的“新自由主義”，而是“新威權主義”。新威權主義是一個理論聯盟，它的成員包括新保守主義、新秩序主義、新國家主義、民族主義等。在大陸官員階層中，新威權主義話語已經逐漸取代馬克思列寧主義教條，成為統治的意識形態。一九九O年代中國思想領域的爭論焦點並不是《再論》所說的“自由與平等”問題，而依舊是“自向與特權”問題。這使人們產生出一種希冀：中國自由主義和“新左派”保留在平等問題上的歧見，首先在自由與民主問題上達成共識並結成統一戰線，形成中國自由派知識份子（不分左右）與反自向民主勢力的對壘。

關鍵字

新威權主義；自由主義；新左派；自由；民主

並列摘要

This article rejects Wang Hui's naming of the Chinese mass movement of 1989 as ”social movement.” The movement of 1989 was a political movement characterized by broad appeals of ”against corruption” and ”for democracy.” Constituency-wise, the movement was a citizens' movement. Goal-wise, the movement was geared to realizing constitutional rights, e.g., freedom of press, freedom of association, etc. This article also disagrees with Wang Hui's labeling of neoliberalism as the dominant discourse in post-1989 mainland China. While the dominant discourse of the 1980s was the new enlightenmentism, the post-1989 dominant discourse has been new authoritarianism which goes squarely against the new enlightenmentism and claims for stability and tradition in virtually all domains. The new authoritarianism is an alliance of various theoretical strands, including new conservatism, new Law and Order, new statism, and nationalism, etc. Within the bureaucratic apparatus, the new authoritarianism has, by gradually replacing Marxist-Leninist lexicons, become the dominant ideology. In this light, this article argues that the vital debate in contemporary Chinese social-political thought lies not in what Wang Hui took it to be the issue of ”freedom vs. equality” but rather in the lingering issue of ”freedom vs. privilege.” An expectation is thus followed: Liberalism and the ”new Left” in China should leave their divergence on the issue of equality aside for the moment and build up a united front for freedom and democracy which sets itself firmly against the anti-freedom and anti-democracy citadels.